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Examination Practice Questions
Section A: Financial Statement Analysis
1. CSO: 2A1a LOS: 2A1g
Gordon has had the following financial results for the last four years.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Sales $1,250,000 $1,300,000 $1,359,000 $1,400,000
Cost of goods sold 750,000 785,000 825,000 850,000
Gross profit 500,000 515,000 534,000 550,000
Inflation factor 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10
Gordon has analyzed these results using vertical common-size analysis to determine trends. The performance of Gordon can best be characterized by which one of the following statements?
a. The common-size gross profit percentage has decreased as a result of an increasing common-size trend in cost of goods sold.
b. The common-size trend in sales is increasing and is resulting in an increasing trend in the common-size gross profit margin.
c. The common-size trend in cost of goods sold is decreasing which is resulting in an increasing trend in the common-size gross profit margin.
d. The increased trend in the common-size gross profit percentage is the result of both the increasing trend in sales and the decreasing trend in cost of goods sold.
2. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1a
The financial statements included in the annual report to the shareholders are least useful to which one of the following?
a. Stockbrokers.
b. Bankers preparing to lend money.
c. Competing businesses.
d. Managers in charge of operating activities.
3. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1f
Which one of the following would result in a decrease to cash flow in the indirect method of preparing a statement of cash flows?
a. Amortization expense.
b. Decrease in income taxes payable.
c. Proceeds from the issuance of common stock.
d. Decrease in inventories.
4. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1b
The statement of shareholders’ equity shows a
a. reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances in shareholders’ equity accounts.
b. listing of all shareholders’ equity accounts and their corresponding dollar amounts.
c. computation of the number of shares outstanding used for earnings per share calculations.
d. reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances in the Retained Earnings account.
5. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1b
When using the statement of cash flows to evaluate a company’s continuing solvency, the most important factor to consider is the cash
a. balance at the end of the period.
b. flows from (used for) operating activities.
c. flows from (used for) investing activities.
d. flows from (used for) financing activities.
6. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1b
A statement of financial position provides a basis for all of the following except
a. computing rates of return.
b. evaluating capital structure.
c. assessing liquidity and financial flexibility.
d. determining profitability and assessing past performance.
7. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1b
The financial statement that provides a summary of the firm’s operations for a period of time is the
a. income statement.
b. statement of financial position.
c. statement of shareholders’ equity.
d. statement of retained earnings.
8. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1e
Bertram Company had a balance of $100,000 in Retained Earnings at the beginning of the year and $125,000 at the end of the year. Net income for this time period was $40,000. Bertram’s Statement of Financial Position indicated that Dividends Payable had decreased by $5,000 throughout the year, despite the fact that both cash dividends and a
stock dividend were declared. The amount of the stock dividend was $8,000. When preparing its Statement of Cash Flows for the year, Bertram should show Cash Paid for Dividends as
a. $20,000.
b. $15,000.
c. $12,000.
d. $5,000.
9. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
All of the following are elements of an income statement except
a. expenses.
b. shareholders’ equity.
c. gains and losses.
d. revenue.
10. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
Dividends paid to company shareholders would be shown on the statement of cash flows as
a. operating cash inflows.
b. operating cash outflows.
c. cash flows from investing activities.
d. cash flows from financing activities.
11. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
All of the following are classifications on the Statement of Cash Flows except
a. operating activities.
b. equity activities.
c. investing activities.
d. financing activities.
12. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
The sale of available-for-sale securities should be accounted for on the statement of cash flows as a(n)
a. operating activity.
b. investing activity.
c. financing activity.
d. noncash investing and financing activity.
13. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1f
A statement of cash flows prepared using the indirect method would have cash activities listed in which one of the following orders?
a. Financing, investing, operating.
b. Investing, financing, operating.
c. Operating, financing, investing.
d. Operating, investing, financing.
14. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
Kelli Company acquired land by assuming a mortgage for the full acquisition cost. This transaction should be disclosed on Kelli’s Statement of Cash Flows as a(n)
a. financing activity.
b. investing activity.
c. operating activity.
d. noncash financing and investing activity.
15. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1c
Which one of the following should be classified as an operating activity on the statement of cash flows?
a. A decrease in accounts payable during the year.
b. An increase in cash resulting from the issuance of previously authorized common stock.
c. The purchase of additional equipment needed for current production.
d. The payment of a cash dividend from money arising from current operations.
16. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1d
All of the following are limitations to the information provided on the statement of financial position except the
a. quality of the earnings reported for the enterprise.
b. judgments and estimates used regarding the collectibility, salability, and longevity of assets.
c. omission of items that are of financial value to the business such as the worth of the employees.
d. lack of current valuation for most assets and liabilities.
17. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1f
The most commonly used method for calculating and reporting a company’s net cash flow from operating activities on its statement of cash flows is the
a. direct method.
b. indirect method.
c. single-step method.
d. multiple-step method.
18. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1f
The presentation of the major classes of operating cash receipts (such as receipts from customers) less the major classes of operating cash disbursements (such as cash paid for merchandise) is best described as the
a. direct method of calculating net cash provided or used by operating activities.
b. cash method of determining income in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.
c. format of the statement of cash flows.
d. indirect method of calculating net cash provided or used by operating activities.
19. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1e
When a fixed asset is sold for less than book value, which one of the following will decrease?
a. Total current assets.
b. Current ratio.
c. Net profit.
d. Net working capital.
20. CSO: 2A1d LOS: 2A1e
Stanford Company leased some special-purpose equipment from Vincent Inc. under a long-term lease that was treated as an operating lease by Stanford. After the financial statements for the year had been issued, it was discovered that the lease should have been treated as a capital lease by Stanford. All of the following measures relating to Stanford would be affected by this discovery except the
a. debt/equity ratio.
b. accounts receivable turnover.
c. fixed asset turnover.
d. net income percentage.
21. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2a
Broomall Corporation has decided to include certain financial ratios in its year-end annual report to shareholders. Selected information relating to its most recent fiscal year is provided below.
• Cash $10,000
• Accounts receivable 20,000
• Prepaid expenses 8,000
• Inventory 30,000
• Available-for-sale securities
-At cost 9,000
-Fair value at year end 12,000
• Accounts payable 15,000
• Notes payable (due in 90 days) 25,000
• Bonds payable (due in 10 years) 35,000
• Net credit sales for year 220,000
• Cost of goods sold 140,000
Broomall’s working capital at year end is
a. $40,000.
b. $37,000.
c. $28,000.
d. $10,000.
22. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
All of the following are affected when merchandise is purchased on credit except
a. total current assets.
b. net working capital.
c. total current liabilities.
d. current ratio.
23. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2b
Birch Products Inc. has the following current assets.
Cash $ 250,000
Marketable securities 100,000
Accounts receivable 800,000
Inventories 1,450,000
Total current assets $2,600,000
If Birch’s current liabilities are $1,300,000, the firm’s
a. current ratio will decrease if a payment of $100,000 cash is used to pay $100,000 of accounts payable.
b. current ratio will not change if a payment of $100,000 cash is used to pay $100,000 of accounts payable.
c. quick ratio will decrease if a payment of $100,000 cash is used to purchase inventory.
d. quick ratio will not change if a payment of $100,000 cash is used to purchase inventory.
24. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2b
Shown below are beginning and ending balances for certain of Grimaldi Inc.’s accounts.
January 1 December 31
Cash $ 48,000 $ 62,000
Marketable securities 42,000 35,000
Accounts receivable 68,000 47,000
Inventory 125,000 138,000
Plant & equipment 325,000 424,000
Accounts payable 32,000 84,000
Accrued liabilities 14,000 11,000
7% bonds payable 95,000 77,000
Grimaldi’s acid test ratio or quick ratio at the end of the year is
a. 0.83.
b. 1.02.
c. 1.15.
d. 1.52.
25. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
Davis Retail Inc. has total assets of $7,500,000 and a current ratio of 2.3 times before purchasing $750,000 of merchandise on credit for resale. After this purchase, the current ratio will
a. remain at 2.3 times.
b. be higher than 2.3 times.
c. be lower than 2.3 times.
d. be exactly 2.53 times.}
26. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
Markowitz Company increased its allowance for uncollectable accounts. This adjustment will
a. increase the acid test ratio.
b. increase working capital.
c. reduce debt-to-asset ratio.
d. reduce the current ratio.
27. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2a
Shown below are selected data from Fortune Company’s most recent financial statements.
Marketable securities $10,000
Accounts receivable 60,000
Inventory 25,000
Supplies 5,000
Accounts payable 40,000
Short-term debt payable 10,000
Accruals 5,000
What is Fortune’s net working capital?
a. $35,000.
b. $45,000.
c. $50,000.
d. $80,000.
28. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
Garstka Auto Parts must increase its acid test ratio above the current 0.9 level in order to comply with the terms of a loan agreement. Which one of the following actions is most likely to produce the desired results?
a. Expediting collection of accounts receivable.
b. Selling auto parts on account.
c. Making a payment to trade accounts payable.
d. Purchasing marketable securities for cash.
29. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
The owner of a chain of grocery stores has bought a large supply of mangoes and paid for the fruit with cash. This purchase will adversely impact which one of the following?
a. Working capital.
b. Current ratio.
c. Quick or acid test ratio.
d. Price earnings ratio.
30. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2b
Selected financial data for Boyd Corporation are shown below.
January 1 December 31
Cash $ 48,000 $ 62,000
Accounts receivable (net) 68,000 47,000
Trading securities 42,000 35,000
Inventory 125,000 138,000
Plant and equipment (net) 325,000 424,000
Accounts payable 32,000 84,000
Accrued liabilities 14,000 11,000
Deferred taxes 15,000 9,000
Long-term bonds payable 95,000 77,000
Boyd’s net income for the year was $96,000. Boyd’s current ratio at the end of the year is
a. 1.55.
b. 1.71.
c. 2.71.
d. 2.97.
31. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2a
When reviewing a credit application, the credit manager should be most concerned with the applicant’s
a. profit margin and return on assets.
b. price-earnings ratio and current ratio.
c. working capital and return on equity.
d. working capital and current ratio.
32. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
Both the current ratio and the quick ratio for Spartan Corporation have been slowly decreasing. For the past two years, the current ratio has been 2.3 to 1 and 2.0 to 1. During the same time period, the quick ratio has decreased from 1.2 to 1 to 1.0 to 1. The disparity between the current and quick ratios can be explained by which one of the following?
a. The current portion of long-term debt has been steadily increasing.
b. The cash balance is unusually low.
c. The accounts receivable balance has decreased.
d. The inventory balance is unusually high.
33. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2a
The acid test ratio shows the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities without having to
a. reduce its cash balance.
b. borrow additional funds.
c. collect its receivables.
d. liquidate its inventory.
34. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2b
All of the following are included when calculating the acid test ratio except
a. six-month treasury bills.
b. prepaid insurance.
c. accounts receivable.
d. 60-day certificates of deposit.
35. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2b
Dedham Corporation has decided to include certain financial ratios in its year-end annual report to shareholders. Selected information relating to its most recent fiscal year is provided below.
• Cash $10,000
• Accounts receivable 20,000
• Prepaid expenses 8,000
• Inventory 30,000
• Available-for-sale securities
-At cost 9,000
-Fair value at year end 12,000
• Accounts payable 15,000
• Notes payable (due in 90 days) 25,000
• Bonds payable (due in 10 years) 35,000
Dedham’s quick (acid-test) ratio at year end is
a. 2.00 to 1.
b. 1.925 to 1.
c. 1.80 to 1.
d. 1.05 to 1.
36. CSO: 2A2a LOS: 2A2c
If a company has a current ratio of 2.1 and pays off a portion of its accounts payable with cash, the current ratio will
a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. remain unchanged.
d. move closer to the quick ratio.
37. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2f
The capital structure of four corporations is as follows.
Corporation
Sterling Cooper Warwick Pane
Short-term debt 10% 10% 15% 10%
Long-term debt 40% 35% 30% 30%
Preferred stock 30% 30% 30% 30%
Common equity 20% 25% 25% 30%
Which corporation is the most highly leveraged?
a. Sterling.
b. Cooper.
c. Warwick.
d. Pane.
38. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2g
A summary of the Income Statement of Sahara Company is shown below.
Sales $15,000,000
Cost of sales 9,000,000
Operating expenses 3,000,000
Interest expense 800,000
Taxes 880,000
Net income $ 1,320,000
Based on the above information, Sahara’s degree of financial leverage is
a. 0.96.
b. 1.36.
c. 1.61.
d. 2.27.
39. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2g
A degree of operating leverage of 3 at 5,000 units means that a
a. 3% change in earnings before interest and taxes will cause a 3% change in sales.
b. 3% change in sales will cause a 3% change in earnings before interest and taxes.
c. 1% change in sales will cause a 3% change in earnings before interest and taxes.
d. 1% change in earnings before interest and taxes will cause a 3% change in sales.
40. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2f
Firms with high degrees of financial leverage would be best characterized as having
a. high debt-to-equity ratios.
b. zero coupon bonds in their capital structures.
c. low current ratios.
d. high fixed-charge coverage.
41. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2f
The use of debt in the capital structure of a firm
a. increases its financial leverage.
b. increases its operating leverage.
c. decreases its financial leverage.
d. decreases its operating leverage.
42. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2h
A financial analyst with Mineral Inc. calculated the company's degree of financial leverage as 1.5. If net income before interest increases by 5%, earnings to shareholders will increase by
a. 1.50%.
b. 3.33%.
c. 5.00%.
d. 7.50%.
43. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2h
Which one of the following statements concerning the effects of leverage on earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) and earnings per share (EPS) is correct?
a. For a firm using debt financing, a decrease in EBIT will result in a proportionally larger decrease in EPS.
b. A decrease in the financial leverage of a firm will increase the beta value of the firm.
c. If Firm A has a higher degree of operating leverage than Firm B, and Firm A offsets this by using less financial leverage, then both firms will have the same variability in EBIT.
d. Financial leverage affects both EPS and EBIT, while operating leverage only effects EBIT.
44. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2j
The Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity section of Mica Corporation’s Statement of Financial Position is shown below.
January 1 December 31
Accounts payable $ 32,000 $ 84,000
Accrued liabilities 14,000 11,000
7% bonds payable 95,000 77,000
Common stock ($10 par value) 300,000 300,000
Reserve for bond retirement 12,000 28,000
Retained earnings 155,000 206,000
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $608,000 $706,000
Mica’s debt/equity ratio is
a. 25.1%.
b. 25.6%.
c. 32.2%.
d. 33.9%.
45. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2z
Borglum Corporation is considering the acquisition of one of its parts suppliers and has been reviewing the pertinent financial statements. Specific data, shown below, has been selected from these statements for review and comparison with industry averages.
Bond Rockland Western Industry
Total sales (millions) $4.27 $3.91 $4.86 $4.30
Net profit margin 9.55% 9.85% 10.05% 9.65%
Current ratio 1.32 2.02 1.96 1.95
Return on assets 11.0% 12.6% 11.4% 12.4%
Debt/equity ratio 62.5% 44.6% 49.6% 48.3%
Financial leverage 1.40 1.02 1.86 1.33
Borglum’s objective for this acquisition is assuring a steady source of supply from a stable company. Based on the information above, select the strategy that would fulfill Borglum’s objective.
a. Borglum should not acquire any of these firms as none of them represents a good risk.
b. Acquire Bond as both the debt/equity ratio and degree of financial leverage exceed the industry average.
c. Acquire Rockland as both the debt/equity ratio and degree of financial leverage are below the industry average.
d. Acquire Western as the company has the highest net profit margin and degree of financial leverage.
46. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2j
Which one of the following is the best indicator of long-term debt paying ability?
a. Working capital turnover.
b. Asset turnover.
c. Current ratio.
d. Debt-to-total assets ratio.
47. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2z
Easton Bank has received loan applications from three companies in the computer service business and will grant a loan to the company with the best prospect of fulfilling the loan obligations. Specific data, shown below, has been selected from these applications for review and comparison with industry averages.
CompGo Astor SysGen Industry
Total sales (millions) $4.27 $3.91 $4.86 $4.30
Net profit margin 9.55% 9.85% 10.05% 9.65%
Current ratio 1.82 2.02 1.96 1.95
Return on assets 12.0% 12.6% 11.4% 12.4%
Debt/equity ratio 52.5% 44.6% 49.6% 48.3%
Financial leverage 1.30 1.02 1.56 1.33
Based on the information above, select the strategy that would fulfill Easton’s objective.
a. Easton should not grant any loans as none of these companies represents a good credit risk.
b. Grant the loan to CompGo as all the company’s data approximate the industry average.
c. Grant the loan to Astor as both the debt/equity ratio and degree of financial leverage are below the industry average.
d. Grant the loan to SysGen as the company has the highest net profit margin and degree of financial leverage.
48. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2j
The following information has been derived from the financial statements of Boutwell Company.
Current assets $640,000
Total assets 990,000
Long-term liabilities 130,000
Current ratio 3.2 Times
The company’s debt-to-equity ratio is
a. 0.50 to 1.
b. 0.37 to 1.
c. 0.33 to 1.
d. 0.13 to 1.
49. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2k
The interest expense for a company is equal to its earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). The company's tax rate is 40%. The company's times-interest earned ratio is equal to
a. 2.0.
b. 1.0.
c. 0.6.
d. 1.2.
50. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2z
Marble Savings Bank has received loan applications from three companies in the auto parts manufacturing business and currently has the funds to grant only one of these requests. Specific data, shown below, has been selected from these applications for review and comparison with industry averages.
Bailey Nutron Sonex Industry
Total sales (millions) $4.27 $3.91 $4.86 $4.30
Net profit margin 9.55% 9.85% 10.05% 9.65%
Current ratio 1.82 2.02 1.96 1.95
Return on assets 12.0% 12.6% 11.4% 12.4%
Debt/equity ratio 52.5% 44.6% 49.6% 48.3%
Financial leverage 1.30 1.02 1.56 1.33
Based on the information above, select the strategy that should be the most beneficial to Marble Savings.
a. Marble Savings Bank should not grant any loans as none of these companies represents a good credit risk.
b. Grant the loan to Bailey as all the company’s data approximate the industry average.
c. Grant the loan to Nutron as both the debt/equity ratio and degree of financial leverage are below the industry average.
d. Grant the loan to Sonex as the company has the highest net profit margin and degree of financial leverage.
51. CSO: 2A2b LOS: 2A2z
Marge Halifax, chief financial officer of Strickland Construction, has been tracking the activities of the company’s nearest competitor for several years. Among other trends, Halifax has noticed that this competitor is able to take advantage of new technology and bring new products to market more quickly than Strickland. In order to determine the reason for this, Halifax has been reviewing the following data regarding the two companies.
Strickland Competitor
Accounts receivable turnover 6.85 7.35
Return on assets 15.34 14.74
Times interest earned 15.65 12.45
Current ratio 2.11 1.23
Debt/equity ratio 42.16 55.83
Degree of financial leverage 1.06 1.81
Price/earnings ratio 26.56 26.15
On the basis of this information, which one of the following is the best initial strategy for Halifax to follow in attempting to improve the flexibility of Strickland?
a. Seek cost cutting measures that would increase Strickland’s profitability.
b. Investigate ways to improve asset efficiency and turnover times to improve liquidity.
c. Seek additional sources of outside financing for new product introductions.
d. Increase Strickland’s investment in short-term securities to increase the current ratio.
52. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Lowell Corporation has decided to include certain financial ratios in its year-end annual report to shareholders. Selected information relating to its most recent fiscal year is provided below.
• Cash $ 10,000
• Accounts receivable (end of year) 20,000
• Accounts receivable (beginning of year) 24,000
• Inventory (end of year) 30,000
• Inventory (beginning of year) 26,000
• Notes payable (due in 90 days) 25,000
• Bonds payable (due in 10 years) 35,000
• Net credit sales for year 220,000
• Cost of goods sold 140,000
Using a 365-day year, compute Lowell’s accounts receivable turnover in days.
a. 26.1 days.
b. 33.2 days.
c. 36.5 days.
d. 39.8 days.
53. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Maydale Inc.’s financial statements show the following information.
Accounts receivable, end of Year 1 $ 320,000
Credit sales for Year 2 3,600,000
Accounts receivable, end of Year 2 400,000
Maydale’s accounts receivable turnover ratio is
a. 0.10.
b. 9.00.
c. 10.00.
d. 11.25.
54. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Zubin Corporation experiences a decrease in sales and the cost of good sold, an increase in accounts receivable, and no change in inventory. If all else is held constant, what is the total effect of these changes on the receivables turnover and inventory ratios?
Inventory Receivables
Turnover Turnover
a. Increased; Increased.
b. Increased; Decreased.
c. Decreased; Increased.
d. Decreased; Decreased.
55. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Peggy Monahan, controller, has gathered the following information regarding Lampasso Company.
Beginning of the year End of the year
Inventory $6,400 $7,600
Accounts receivable 2,140 3,060
Accounts payable 3,320 3,680
Total sales for the year were $85,900, of which $62,400 were credit sales. The cost of goods sold was $24,500.
Lampasso’s inventory turnover ratio for the year was
a. 3.2 times.
b. 3.5 times.
c. 8.2 times.
d. 8.9 times.
56. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Garland Corporation’s Income Statement for the year just ended is shown below.
Net sales $900,000
Cost of goods sold
Inventory - beginning $125,000
Purchases 540,000
Goods available for sale 665,000
Inventory - ending 138,000
527,000
Gross profit 373,000
Operating expenses 175,000
Income from operations $198,000
Garland’s average inventory turnover ratio is
a. 6.84.
b. 6.52.
c. 4.01.
d. 3.82.
57. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Makay Corporation has decided to include certain financial ratios in its year-end annual report to shareholders. Selected information relating to its most recent fiscal year is provided below.
• Cash $ 10,000
• Accounts receivable (end of year) 20,000
• Accounts receivable (beginning of year) 24,000
• Inventory (end of year) 30,000
• Inventory (beginning of year) 26,000
• Notes payable (due in 90 days) 25,000
• Bonds payable (due in 10 years) 35,000
• Net credit sales for year 220,000
• Cost of goods sold 140,000
Makay’s average inventory turnover for the year was
a. 4.7 times.
b. 5.0 times.
c. 5.4 times.
d. 7.9 times.
58. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Globetrade is a retailer that buys virtually all of its merchandise from manufacturers in a country experiencing significant inflation. Globetrade is considering changing its method of inventory costing from first-in, first-out (FIFO) to last-in, first-out (LIFO). What effect would the change from FIFO to LIFO have on Globetrade’s current ratio and inventory turnover ratio?
a. Both the current ratio and the inventory turnover ratio would increase.
b. The current ratio would increase but the inventory turnover ratio would decrease.
c. The current ratio would decrease but the inventory turnover ratio would increase.
d. Both the current ratio and the inventory turnover ratio would decrease.
59. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
Lancaster Inc. had net accounts receivable of $168,000 and $147,000 at the beginning and end of the year, respectively. The company’s net income for the year was $204,000 on $1,700,000 in total sales. Cash sales were 6% of total sales. Lancaster’s average accounts receivable turnover ratio for the year is
a. 9.51.
b. 10.15.
c. 10.79.
d. 10.87.
60. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2n
Cornwall Corporation’s net accounts receivable were $68,000 and $47,000 at the beginning and end of the year, respectively. Cornwall’s condensed Income Statement is shown below.
Sales $900,000
Cost of goods sold 527,000
Operating expenses 175,000
Operating income 198,000
Income tax 79,000
Net income $119,000
Cornwall’s average number of days’ sales in accounts receivable (using a 360-day year) is
a. 8 days.
b. 13 days.
c. 19 days.
d. 23 days.
61. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2n
The following financial information is given for Anjuli Corporation (in millions of dollars).
Prior Year Current Year
Sales $10 $11
Cost of good sold 6 7
Current Assets
Cash 2 3
Accounts receivable 3 4
Inventory 4 5
Between the prior year and the current year, did the days sales in inventory and days sales in receivables for Anjuli increase or decrease? Assume a 365-day year.
Days Sales Days Sales
in Inventory in Receivables
a. Increased; Increased.
b. Increased; Decreased.
c. Decreased; Increased.
d. Decreased; Decreased.
62. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2p
On its year-end financial statements, Caper Corporation showed sales of $3,000,000, net fixed assets of $1,300,000, and total assets of $2,000,000. The company’s fixed asset turnover is
a. 1.5 times.
b. 43.3%.
c. 2.3 times.
d. 65%.
63. CSO: 2A2c LOS: 2A2m
The following information was obtained from a company’s financial statements.
Beginning of the year End of the year
Inventory $6,400 $7,600
Accounts receivable 2,140 3,060
Accounts payable 3,320 3,680
Total sales for the year were $85,900, of which $62,400 were credit sales. The cost of goods sold was $24,500. The company’s payable turnover was
a. 6.7 times.
b. 7.0 times.
c. 16.9 times.
d. 17.8 times.
64. CSO: 2A2d LOS: 2A2q
Douglas Company purchased 10,000 shares of its common stock at the beginning of the year for cash. This transaction will affect all of the following except the
a. debt-to-equity ratio.
b. earnings per share.
c. net profit margin.
d. current ratio.
65. CSO: 2A2d LOS: 2A2r
For the year just ended, Beechwood Corporation had income from operations of $198,000 and net income of $96,000. Additional financial information is given below.
January 1 December 31
7% bonds payable $95,000 $77,000
Common stock ($10 par value) 300,000 300,000
Reserve for bond retirement 12,000 28,000
Retained earnings 155,000 206,000
Beechwood has no other equity issues outstanding. Beechwood’s return on shareholders’ equity for the year just ended is
a. 19.2%.
b. 19.9%.
c. 32.0%.
d. 39.5%.
66. CSO: 2A2d LOS: 2A2r
The assets of Moreland Corporation are presented below.
January 1 December 31
Cash $ 48,000 $ 62,000
Marketable securities 42,000 35,000
Accounts receivable 68,000 47,000
Inventory 125,000 138,000
Plant & equipment
(net of accumulated depreciation) 325,000 424,000
For the year just ended, Moreland had net income of $96,000 on $900,000 of sales. Moreland’s total asset turnover ratio is
a. 1.27.
b. 1.37.
c. 1.48.
d. 1.50.
67. CSO: 2A2d LOS: 2A2r
Interstate Motors has decided to make an additional investment in its operating assets which are financed by debt. Assuming all other factors remain constant, this increase in investment will have which one of the following effects?
Operating Return on
Income Operating Operating
Margin Asset Turnover Assets
a. Increase No change Increase.
b. No change Decrease Decrease.
c. No change Increase Decrease.
d. Decrease Decrease Decrease.
68. CSO: 2A2d LOS: 2A2r
Colonie Inc. expects to report net income of at least $10 million annually for the foreseeable future. Colonie could increase its return on equity by taking which of the following actions with respect to its inventory turnover and the use of equity financing?
Inventory Turnover Use of Equity Financing
a. Increase; Increase.
b. Increase; Decrease.
c. Decrease; Increase.
d. Decrease; Decrease.
69. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2t
At the end of its fiscal year on December 31, 2000, Merit Watches had total shareholders' equity of $24,209,306. Of this total, $3,554,405 was preferred equity. During the 2001 fiscal year, Merit's net income after tax was $2,861,003. During 2001, Merit paid preferred share dividends of $223,551 and common share dividends of $412,917. At December 31, 2001, Merit had 12,195,799 common shares outstanding and the company did not sell any common shares during the year. What was Merit Watch's book value per share on December 31, 2001?
a. $1.88.
b. $2.17.
c. $1.91.
d. $2.20.
70. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2t
Donovan Corporation recently declared and issued a 50% stock dividend. This transaction will reduce the company’s
a. current ratio.
b. book value per common share.
c. debt-to-equity ratio.
d. return on operating assets.
71. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
The following information concerning Arnold Company’s common stock was included in the company’s financial reports for the last two years.
Year 2 Year 1
Market price per share on December 31 $60 $50
Par value per share 10 10
Earnings per share 3 3
Dividends per share 1 1
Book value per share on December 31 36 34
Based on the price-earnings information, investors would most likely consider Arnold’s common stock to
a. be overvalued at the end of Year 2.
b. indicate inferior investment decisions by management in Year 2.
c. show a positive trend in growth opportunities in Year 2 compared to Year 1.
d. show a decline in growth opportunities in Year 2 compared to Year 1.
72. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
Bull & Bear Investment Banking is working with the management of Clark Inc. in order to take the company public in an initial public offering. Selected financial information for Clark is as follows.
Long-term debt (8% interest rate) $10,000,000
Common equity: Par value ($1 per share) 3,000,000
Additional paid-in-capital 24,000,000
Retained earnings 6,000,000
Total assets 55,000,000
Net income 3,750,000
Dividend (annual) 1,500,000
If public companies in Clark’s industry are trading at twelve times earnings, what is the estimated value per share of Clark?
a. $9.00.
b. $12.00.
c. $15.00.
d. $24.00.
73. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
Morton Starley Investment Banking is working with the management of Kell Inc. in order to take the company public in an initial public offering. Selected information for the year just ended for Kell is as follows.
Long-term debt (8% interest rate) $10,000,000
Common equity: Par value ($1 per share) 3,000,000
Additional paid-in-capital 24,000,000
Retained earnings 6,000,000
Total assets 55,000,000
Net income 3,750,000
Dividend (annual) 1,500,000
If public companies in Kell’s industry are trading at a market to book ratio of 1.5, what is the estimated value per share of Kell?
a. $13.50.
b. $16.50.
c. $21.50.
d. $27.50.
74. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
At the beginning of the year, Lewis Corporation had 100,000 shares of common stock outstanding. During the year, the following transactions occurred.
Date Transaction
April 1 Issued 10,000 shares in exchange for land
July 1 Declared and distributed a 10% stock dividend
October 1 Purchased 5,000 shares of treasury stock
The number of shares that Lewis should use when computing earnings per share at the end of the year is
a. 117,000.
b. 116,000.
c. 111,750.
d. 106,250.
75. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
Selected financial data for ABC Company is presented below.
• For the year just ended ABC has net income of $5,300,000.
• $5,500,000 of 7% convertible bonds were issued in the prior year at a face value of $1,000. Each bond is convertible into 50 shares of common stock. No bonds were converted during the current year.
• 50,000 shares of 10% cumulative preferred stock, par value $100, were issued in the prior year. Preferred dividends were not declared in the current year, but were current at the end of the prior year.
• At the beginning of the current year 1,060,000 shares of common stock were outstanding.
• On June 1 of the current year 60,000 shares of common stock were issued and sold.
• ABC's average income tax rate is 40%.
ABC Company's basic earnings per share for the current fiscal year is
a. $3.67.
b. $4.29.
c. $4.38.
d. $4.73.
76. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
Devlin Inc. has 250,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. For the current year, Devlin paid a cash dividend of $3.50 per share and had earnings per share of $4.80. The market price of Devlin’s stock is $34 per share. Devlin’s price/earnings ratio is
a. 2.08.
b. 2.85.
c. 7.08.
d. 9.71.
77. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
At year-end, Appleseed Company reported net income of $588,000. The company has 10,000 shares of $100 par value, 6% preferred stock and 120,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding and 5,000 shares of common stock in treasury. There are no dividend payments in arrears, and the market price per common share at the end of the year was $40. Appleseed’s price-earnings ratio is
a. 9.47.
b. 9.09.
c. 8.50.
d. 8.16.
78. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
Archer Inc. has 500,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. For the current year, Archer paid a cash dividend of $4.00 per share and had earnings per share of $3.20. The market price of Archer’s stock is $36 per share. The average price/earnings ratio for Archer’s industry is 14.00. When compared to the industry average, Archer’s stock appears to be
a. overvalued by approximately 25%.
b. overvalued by approximately 10%.
c. undervalued by approximately 10%.
d. undervalued by approximately 25%.
79. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2s
A steady drop in a firm’s price/earnings ratio could indicate that
a. earnings per share has been increasing while the market price of the stock has held steady.
b. earnings per share has been steadily decreasing.
c. the market price of the stock has been steadily rising.
d. both earnings per share and the market price of the stock are rising.
80. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
Collins Company reported net income of $350,000 for the year. The company had 10,000 shares of $100 par value, non-cumulative, 6% preferred stock and 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. There were also 5,000 shares of common stock in treasury during the year. Collins declared and paid all preferred dividends as well as a $1 per share dividend on common stock. Collins’ earnings per share of common stock for the year was
a. $3.50.
b. $3.33.
c. $2.90.
d. $2.76.
81. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
Ray Company has 530,000 common shares outstanding at year-end. At December 31, for basic earnings per share purposes, Ray computed its weighted average number of shares as 500,000. Prior to issuing its annual financial statements, but after year-end, Ray split its stock 2 for 1. Ray's weighted average number of shares to be used for computing annual basic earnings per share is
a. 500,000.
b. 530,000.
c. 1,000,000.
d. 1,060,000.
82. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
On January 1, Esther Pharmaceuticals had a balance of 10,000 shares of common stock outstanding. On June 1, the company issued an additional 2,000 shares of common stock for cash. A total of 5,000 shares of 6%, $100 par, nonconvertible preferred stock was outstanding all year. Esther’s net income was $120,000 for the year. The earnings per share for the year were
a. $7.50.
b. $8.06.
c. $10.00.
d. $10.75.
83. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2v
Roy company had 120,000 common shares and 100,000 preferred shares outstanding at the close of the prior year. During the current year Roy repurchased 12,000 common shares on March 1, sold 30,000 common shares on June 1, and sold an additional 60,000 common shares on November 1. No change in preferred shares outstanding occurred during the year. The number of shares of stock outstanding to be used in the calculation of basic earnings per share at the end of the current year is
a. 100,000.
b. 137,500.
c. 198,000.
d. 298,000.
84. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
Selected information regarding Dyle Corporation’s outstanding equity is shown below.
Common stock, $10 par value,
350,000 shares outstanding $3,500,000
Preferred stock, $100 par value,
10,000 shares outstanding 1,000,000
Preferred stock dividend paid 60,000
Common stock dividend paid 700,000
Earnings per common share 3
Market price per common share 18
Dyle’s yield on common stock is
a. 11.11%.
b. 16.66%.
c. 16.88%.
d. 20.00%.
85. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
For the most recent fiscal period, Oakland Inc. paid a regular quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share and had earnings of $3.20 per share. The market price of Oakland stock at the end of the period was $40.00 per share. Oakland’s dividend yield was
a. 0.50%.
b. 1.00%.
c. 2.00%.
d. 6.25%.
86. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
The dividend yield ratio is calculated by which one of the following methods?
a. Market price per share divided by dividends per share.
b. Earnings per share divided by dividends per share.
c. Dividends per share divided by market price per share.
d. Dividends per share divided by earnings per share.
87. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
Mayson Company reported net income of $350,000 for last year. The company had 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding and 5,000 shares of common stock in treasury during the year. Mayson declared and paid $1 per share dividends on common stock. The market price per common share at the end of last year was $30. The company’s dividend yield for the year was
a. 30.03%.
b. 28.57%.
c. 11.11%.
d. 3.33%.
88. CSO: 2A2e LOS: 2A2w
The following information concerning Arnold Company’s common stock was included in the company’s financial reports for the last two years.
Year 2 Year 1
Market price per share on December 31 $60 $50
Par value per share 10 10
Earnings per share 3 3
Dividends per share 1 1
Book value per share on December 31 36 34
Arnold’s dividend yield in Year 2
a. has increased compared to Year 1.
b. is indicative of the company’s failure to provide a positive return to the investors.
c. is the same as Year 1.
d. has declined compared to Year 1.
89. CSO: 2A4a LOS: 2A4a.2
A firm’s functional currency should be
a. selected on the basis of several economic factors including cash flow, sales price, and financing indicators.
b. the currency of the foreign environment in which the firm primarily generates and expends cash.
c. selected on the basis of cost-benefit analysis and ease of preparing consolidated financial statements.
d. the currency of the parent organization as the firm operates as an extension of the parent’s operations.
90. CSO: 2A4a LOS: 2A4a.2
The functional currency of an entity is defined as the currency
a. of the entity’s parent company.
b. of the primary country in which the entity is physically located.
c. in which the books of record are maintained for all entity operations.
d. of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.
91. CSO: 2A4c LOS: 2A4c.1
If a company uses off-balance-sheet financing, assets have been acquired
a. for cash.
b. with operating leases.
c. with financing leases.
d. with a line of credit.
92. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Larry Mitchell, Bailey Company’s controller, is gathering data for the Statement of Cash Flows for the most recent year end. Mitchell is planning to use the direct method to prepare this statement, and has made the following list of cash inflows for the period.
• Collections of $100,000 for goods sold to customers.
• Securities purchased for investment purposes with an original cost of $100,000 sold for $125,000.
• Proceeds from the issuance of additional company stock totaling $10,000.
The correct amount to be shown as cash inflows from operating activities is
a. $100,000.
b. $135,000.
c. $225,000.
d. $235,000.
93. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
During the year, Deltech Inc. acquired a long-term productive asset for $5,000 and also borrowed $10,000 from a local bank. These transactions should be reported on Deltech’s Statement of Cash Flows as
a. Outflows for Investing Activities, $5,000; Inflows from Financial Activities, $10,000.
b. Inflows from Investing Activities, $10,000; Outflows for Financing Activities, $5,000.
c. Outflows for Operating Activities, $5,000; Inflows from Financing Activities, $10,000.
d. Outflows for Financing Activities, $5,000; Inflows from Investing Activities, $10,000.
94. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Atwater Company has recorded the following payments for the current period.
Purchase Trillium stock $300,000
Dividends paid to Atwater shareholders 200,000
Repurchase of Atwater Company stock 400,000
The amount to be shown in the Investing Activities Section of Atwater’s Cash Flow Statement should be
a. $300,000.
b. $500,000.
c. $700,000.
d. $900,000.
95. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Carlson Company has the following payments recorded for the current period.
Dividends paid to Carlson shareholders $150,000
Interest paid on bank loan 250,000
Purchase of equipment 350,000
The total amount of the above items to be shown in the Operating Activities Section of Carlson’s Cash Flow Statement should be
a. $150,000.
b. $250,000.
c. $350,000.
d. $750,000.
96. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Barber Company has recorded the following payments for the current period.
Interest paid on bank loan $300,000
Dividends paid to Barber shareholders 200,000
Repurchase of Barber Company stock 400,000
The amount to be shown in the Financing Activities Section of Barber’s Cash Flow Statement should be
a. $300,000.
b. $500,000.
c. $600,000.
d. $900,000.
97. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Selected financial information for Kristina Company for the year just ended is shown below.
Net income $2,000,000
Increase in accounts receivable 300,000
Decrease in inventory 100,000
Increase in accounts payable 200,000
Depreciation expense 400,000
Gain on the sale of available-for-sale securities 700,000
Cash receivable from the issue of common stock 800,000
Cash paid for dividends 80,000
Cash paid for the acquisition of land 1,500,000
Cash received from the sale of available-for-sale 2,800,000
securities
Kristina’s cash flow from financing activities for the year is
a. $(80,000).
b. $720,000.
c. $800,000.
d. $3,520,000.
98. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Selected financial information for Kristina Company for the year just ended is shown below.
Net income $2,000,000
Increase in accounts receivable 300,000
Decrease in inventory 100,000
Increase in accounts payable 200,000
Depreciation expense 400,000
Gain on the sale of available-for-sale securities 700,000
Cash receivable from the issue of common stock 800,000
Cash paid for dividends 80,000
Cash paid for the acquisition of land 1,500,000
Cash received from the sale of available-for-sale 2,800,000
securities
Kristina’s cash flow from investing activities for the year is
a. $(1,500,000).
b. $1,220,000.
c. $1,300,000.
d. $2,800,000.
99. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
For the fiscal year just ended, Doran Electronics had the following results.
Net income $920,000
Depreciation expense 110,000
Increase in accounts payable 45,000
Increase in accounts receivable 73,000
Increase in deferred income tax liability 16,000
Doran’s net cash flow from operating activities is
a. $928,000.
b. $986,000.
c. $1,018,000.
d. $1,074,000.
100. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Three years ago, James Company purchased stock in Zebra Inc. at a cost of $100,000. This stock was sold for $150,000 during the current fiscal year. The result of this transaction should be shown in the Investing Activities Section of James’ Statement of Cash Flows as
a. Zero.
b. $50,000.
c. $100,000.
d. $150,000.
101. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Madden Corporation’s controller has gathered the following information as a basis for preparing the Statement of Cash Flows. Net income for the current year was $82,000. During the year, old equipment with a cost of $60,000 and a net carrying value of $53,000 was sold for cash at a gain of $10,000. New equipment was purchased for $100,000. Shown below are selected closing balances for last year and the current year.
Last Year Current Year
Cash $ 39,000 $ 85,000
Accounts receivable net 43,000 37,000
Inventories 93,000 105,000
Equipment 360,000 400,000
Accumulated depreciation - equipment 70,000 83,000
Accounts payable 22,000 19,000
Notes payable 100,000 100,000
Common stock 250,000 250,000
Retained earnings 93,000 175,000
Madden’s cash inflow from operating activities for the current year is
a. $63,000.
b. $73,000.
c. $83,000.
d. $93,000.
104. CSO: 2A4d LOS: 2A4d
Selected financial information for Kristina Company for the year just ended is shown below.
Net income $2,000,000
Increase in accounts receivable 300,000
Decrease in inventory 100,000
Increase in accounts payable 200,000
Depreciation expense 400,000
Gain on the sale of available-for-sale securities 700,000
Cash receivable from the issue of common stock 800,000
Cash paid for dividends 80,000
Cash paid for the acquisition of land 1,500,000
Cash received from the sale of available-for-sale securities 2,800,000
Assuming the indirect method is used, Kristina’s cash flow from operating activities for the year is
a. $1,700,000.
b. $2,000,000.
c. $2,400,000.
d. $3,100,000.
103. CSO: 2A4e LOS: 2A4e
A change in the estimate for bad debts should be
a. treated as an error.
b. handled retroactively.
c. considered as an extraordinary item.
d. treated as affecting only the period of the change.
104. CSO: 2A4e LOS: 2A4e
Finer Foods Inc., a chain of supermarkets specializing in gourmet food, has been using the average cost method to value its inventory. During the current year, the company changed to the first-in, first-out method of inventory valuation. The president of the company reasoned that this change was appropriate since it would more closely match the flow of physical goods. This change should be reported on the financial statements as a
a. cumulative-effect type accounting change.
b. retroactive-effect type accounting change
c. change in an accounting estimate.
d. correction of an error.
105. CSO: 2A4h LOS: 2A4h
The concept of economic profit is best defined as total
a. revenue minus all accounting costs.
b. income minus the sum of total fixed and variable costs.
c. revenue minus the sum of total fixed and variable costs.
d. revenue minus all explicit and implicit costs.
106. CSO: 2A4h LOS: 2A4h
“Economic costs” often differ from costs shown in a firm’s financial statements. For a corporation, a major difference would arise due to
a. interest costs.
b. salary and wage costs.
c. opportunity costs.
d. state and local tax costs.
107. CSO: 2A4h LOS: 2A4h
Which of the following costs, when subtracted from total revenue, yields economic profit?
a. Variable costs.
b. Recurring operating costs.
c. Fixed and variable costs.
d. Opportunity costs of all inputs.
108. CSO: 2A4h LOS: 2A4h
Williams makes $35,000 a year as an accounting clerk. He decides to quit his job to enter an MBA program full-time. Assume Williams doesn’t work in the summer or hold any part-time jobs. His tuition, books, living expenses, and fees total $25,000 a year. Given this information, the annual total economic cost of Williams’ MBA studies is
a. $10,000.
b. $35,000.
c. $25,000.
d. $60,000.
109. CSO: 2A4h LOS: 2A4h
The financial statements of Lark Inc. for last year are shown below.
Income Statement ($000)
Revenue $4,000
Cost of sales 2,900
Gross margin 1,100
General & administrative 500
Interest 100
Taxes 150
Net income $ 350
Balance Sheet ($000)
Current assets $ 800 Current liabilities $ 500
Plant & equipment 3,200 Long-term debt $1,000
Common equity 2,500
Totals $4,000 Totals $4,000
If Lark’s book values approximate market values and if the opportunity costs of debt and equity are 10% and 15%, respectively, what was the economic profit for Lark last year?
a. ($125,000).
b. ($25,000).
c. $0.
d. $350,000.
Section B: Corporate Finance
110. CSO: 2B1b LOS: 2B1b
The systematic risk of an individual security is measured by the
a. standard deviation of the security’s rate of return.
b. covariance between the security’s returns and the general market.
c. security’s contribution to the portfolio risk.
d. standard deviation of the security’s returns and other similar securities.
111. CSO: 2B1b LOS: 2B1c
Which one of the following provides the best measure of interest rate risk for a corporate bond?
a. Duration.
b. Yield to maturity.
c. Bond rating.
d. Maturity.
112. CSO: 2B1f LOS: 2B1i
Frasier Products has been growing at a rate of 10% per year and expects this growth to continue and produce earnings per share of $4.00 next year. The firm has a dividend payout ratio of 35% and a beta value of 1.25. If the risk-free rate is 7% and the return on the market is 15%, what is the expected current market value of Frasier’s common stock?
a. $14.00.
b. $16.00.
c. $20.00.
d. $28.00.
113. CSO: 2B1f LOS: 2B1h
Which one of the following would have the least impact on a firm’s beta value?
a. Debt-to-equity ratio.
b. Industry characteristics.
c. Operating leverage.
d. Payout ratio.
114. CSO: 2B1f LOS: 2B1h
If Dexter Industries has a beta value of 1.0, then its
a. return should equal the risk-free rate.
b. price is relatively stable.
c. expected return should approximate the overall market.
d. volatility is low.
115. CSO: 2B2b LOS: 2B2h
Buying a wheat futures contract to protect against price fluctuation of wheat would be classified as a
a. fair value hedge.
b. cash flow hedge.
c. foreign currency hedge.
d. swap.
116. CSO: 2B3b LOS: 2B3c
The call provision in some bond indentures allows
a. the issuer to exercise an option to redeem the bonds.
b. the bondholder to exchange the bond, at no additional cost, for common shares.
c. the bondholder to redeem the bond early by paying a call premium.
d. the issuer to pay a premium in order to prevent bondholders from redeeming bonds.
117. CSO: 2B3b LOS: 2B3c
Protective clauses set forth in an indenture are known as
a. provisions.
b. requirements.
c. addenda.
d. covenants.
118. CSO: 2B3b LOS: 2B3c
A requirement specified in an indenture agreement which states that a company cannot acquire or sell major assets without prior creditor approval is known as a
a. protective covenant.
b. call provision.
c. warrant.
d. put option.
119. CSO: 2B3b LOS: 2b3c
Dorsy Manufacturing plans to issue mortgage bonds subject to an indenture. Which of the following restrictions or requirements are likely to be contained in the indenture?
I. Receiving the trustee’s permission prior to selling the property.
II. Maintain the property in good operating condition.
III. Insuring plant and equipment at certain minimum levels.
IV. Including a negative pledge clause.
a. I and IV only.
b. II and III only.
c. I, III, and IV only.
d. I, II, III and IV.
120. CSO: 2B3c LOS: 2B3d
Which one of the following statements concerning debt instruments is correct?
a. The coupon rate and yield of an outstanding long-term bond will change over time as economic factors change.
b. A 25-year bond with a coupon rate of 9% and one year to maturity has more interest rate risk than a 10-year bond with a 9% coupon issued by the same firm with one year to maturity.
c. For long-term bonds, price sensitivity to a given change in interest rates is greater the longer the maturity of the bond.
d. A bond with one year to maturity would have more interest rate risk than a bond with 15 years to maturity.
121. CSO: 2B3c LOS: 2B3d
Which one of the following situations would prompt a firm to issue debt, as opposed to equity, the next time it raises external capital?
a. High breakeven point.
b. Significant percentage of assets under capital lease.
c. Low fixed-charge coverage.
d. High effective tax rate.
122. CSO: 2B3c LOS: 2B3c
Which one of the following is a debt instrument that generally has a maturity of ten years or more?
a. A bond.
b. A note.
c. A chattel mortgage.
d. A financial lease.
123. CSO: 2B3d LOS: 2B3b
James Hemming, the chief financial officer of a mid-western machine parts manufacturer, is considering splitting the company’s stock, which is currently selling at $80.00 per share. The stock currently pays a $1.00 per share dividend. If the split is two-for-one, Mr. Hemming may expect the post split price to be
a. exactly $40.00, regardless of dividend policy.
b. greater than $40.00, if the dividend is changed to $0.45 per new share.
c. greater than $40.00, if the dividend is changed to $0.55 per new share.
d. less than $40.00, regardless of dividend policy.
124. CSO: 2B3d LOS: 2B3b
Which one of the following best describes the record date as it pertains to common stock?
a. Four business days prior to the payment of a dividend.
b. The 52-week high for a stock published in the Wall Street Journal.
c. The date that is chosen to determine the ownership of shares.
d. The date on which a prospectus is declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
125. CSO: 2B3e LOS: 2B3b
Preferred stock may be retired through the use of any one of the following except a
a. conversion.
b. call provision.
c. refunding.
d. sinking fund.
126. CSO: 2B3e LOS: 2B3b
All of the following are characteristics of preferred stock except that
a. it may be callable at the option of the corporation.
b. it may be converted into common stock.
c. its dividends are tax deductible to the issuer.
d. it usually has no voting rights.
127. CSO: 2B3e LOS: 2B3b
Which one of the following describes a disadvantage to a firm that issues preferred stock?
a. Preferred stock dividends are legal obligations of the corporation.
b. Preferred stock typically has no maturity date.
c. Preferred stock is usually sold on a higher yield basis than bonds.
d. Most preferred stock is owned by corporate investors.
128. COS: 2B4a LOS: 2B4a
Which of the following, when considered individually, would generally have the effect of increasing a firm’s cost of capital?
I. The firm reduces its operating leverage.
II. The corporate tax rate is increased.
III. The firm pays off its only outstanding debt.
IV. The Treasury Bond yield increases.
a. I and III.
b. II and IV.
c. III and IV.
d. I, III and IV.
129. CSO: 2B4a LOS: 2B4b
An accountant for Stability Inc. must calculate the weighted average cost of capital of the corporation using the following information.
Interest Rate
Accounts payable $35,000,000 -0-
Long-term debt 10,000,000 8%
Common stock 10,000,000 15%
Retained earnings 5,000,000 18%
What is the weighted average cost of capital of Stability?
a. 6.88%.
b. 8.00%.
c. 10.25%.
d. 12.80%.
130. CSO: 2B4a LOS:2B4b
Kielly Machines Inc. is planning an expansion program estimated to cost $100 million. Kielly is going to raise funds according to its target capital structure shown below.
Debt .30
Preferred stock .24
Equity .46
Kielly had net income available to common shareholders of $184 million last year of which 75% was paid out in dividends. The company has a marginal tax rate of 40%.
Additional data:
• The before-tax cost of debt is estimated to be 11%.
• The market yield of preferred stock is estimated to be 12%.
• The after-tax cost of common stock is estimated to be 16%.
What is Kielly’s weighted average cost of capital?
a. 12.22%.
b. 13.00%.
c. 13.54%.
d. 14.00%.
131. CSO: 2B4a LOS: 2B4b
Following is an excerpt from Albion Corporation’s balance sheet.
Long-term debt (9% interest rate) $30,000,000
Preferred stock (100,000 shares, 12% dividend) 10,000,000
Common stock (5,000,000 shares outstanding) 60,000,000
Albion’s bonds are currently trading at $1,083.34, reflecting a yield to maturity of 8%. The preferred stock is trading at $125 per share. Common stock is selling at $16 per share, and Albion’s treasurer estimates that the firm’s cost of equity is 17%. If Albion’s effective income tax rate is 40%, what is the firm’s cost of capital?
a. 12.6%.
b. 13.0%.
c. 13.9%.
d. 14.1%.
132. CSO: 2B4a LOS: 2B4b
Thomas Company’s capital structure consists of 30% long-term debt, 25% preferred stock, and 45% common equity. The cost of capital for each component is shown below.
Long-term debt 8%
Preferred stock 11%
Common equity 15%
If Thomas pays taxes at the rate of 40%, what is the company’s after-tax weighted average cost of capital?
a. 7.14%.
b. 9.84%.
c. 10.94%.
d. 11.90%.
133. CSO: 2B4a LOS: 2B4b
Joint Products Inc., a corporation with a 40% marginal tax rate, plans to issue $1,000,000 of 8% preferred stock in exchange for $1,000,000 of its 8% bonds currently outstanding. The firm’s total liabilities and equity are equal to $10,000,000. The effect of this exchange on the firm’s weighted average cost of capital is likely to be
a. no change, since it involves equal amounts of capital in the exchange and both instruments have the same rate.
b. a decrease, since a portion of the debt payments are tax deductible.
c. a decrease, since preferred stock payments do not need to be made each year, whereas debt payments must be made.
d. an increase, since a portion of the debt payments are tax deductible.
134. COS: 2B4b LOS: 2B4b
Cox Company has sold 1,000 shares of $100 par, 8% preferred stock at an issue price of $92 per share. Stock issue costs were $5 per share. Cox pays taxes at the rate of 40%. What is Cox’s cost of preferred stock capital?
a. 8.00%.
b. 8.25%.
c. 8.70%.
d. 9.20%.
135. CSO: 2B4b LOS: 2B4b
In calculating the component costs of long-term funds, the appropriate cost of retained earnings, ignoring flotation costs, is equal to
a. the cost of common stock.
b. the same as the cost of preferred stock.
c. the weighted average cost of capital for the firm.
d. zero, or no cost.
136. CSO: 2B4b LOS: 2B4b
The Hatch Sausage Company is projecting an annual growth rate for the foreseeable future of 9%. The most recent dividend paid was $3.00 per share. New common stock can be issued at $36 per share. Using the constant growth model, what is the approximate cost of capital for retained earnings?
a. 9.08%.
b. 17.33%.
c. 18.08%
d. 19.88%.
137. CSO: 2B4b LOS: 2B4b
The management of Old Fenske Company (OFC) has been reviewing the company’s financing arrangements. The current financing mix is $750,000 of common stock, $200,000 of preferred stock ($50 par) and $300,000 of debt. OFC currently pays a common stock cash dividend of $2. The common stock sells for $38, and dividends have been growing at about 10% per year. Debt currently provides a yield to maturity to the investor of 12%, and preferred stock pays a dividend of 9% to yield 11%. Any new issue of securities will have a flotation cost of approximately 3%. OFC has retained earnings available for the equity requirement. The company’s effective income tax rate is 40%. Based on this information, the cost of capital for retained earnings is
a. 9.5%.
b. 14.2%.
c. 15.8%.
d. 16.0%.
138. CSO: 2B4c LOS: 2B4b
Angela Company’s capital structure consists entirely of long-term debt and common equity. The cost of capital for each component is shown below.
Long-term debt 8%
Common equity 15%
Angela pays taxes at a rate of 40%. If Angela’s weighted average cost of capital is 10.41%, what proportion of the company’s capital structure is in the form of long-term debt?
a. 34%.
b. 45%.
c. 55%.
d. 66%.
139. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5d
A firm uses the following model to determine the optimal average cash balance (Q).
Q =2 x annual cash disbursement x cost per sale of T-Billinterest rate
An increase in which one of the following would result in a decrease in the optimal cash balance?
a. Uncertainty of cash outflows.
b. Cost of a security trade.
c. Return on marketable securities.
d. Cash requirements for the year.
140. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5d
All of the following are reasons for holding cash except for the
a. precautionary motive.
b. transactions motive.
c. motive to make a profit.
d. motive to meet future needs.
141. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5f
All of the following can be utilized by a firm in managing its cash outflows except
a. zero-balance accounts.
b. centralization of payables.
c. controlled disbursement accounts.
d. lock-box system.
142. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5g
Powell Industries deals with customers throughout the country and is attempting to more efficiently collect its accounts receivable. A major bank has offered to develop and operate a lock-box system for Powell at a cost of $90,000 per year. Powell averages 300 receipts per day at an average of $2,500 each. Its short-term interest cost is 8% per year. Using a 360-day year, what reduction in average collection time would be needed in order to justify the lock-box system?
a. 0.67 days.
b. 1.20 days.
c. 1.25 days.
d. 1.50 days.
143. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5g
Mandel Inc. has a zero-balance account with a commercial bank. The bank sweeps any excess cash into a commercial investment account earning interest at the rate of 4% per year, payable monthly. When Mandel has a cash deficit, a line of credit is used which has an interest rate of 8% per year, payable monthly based on the amount used. Mandel expects to have a $2 million cash balance on January 1 of next year. Net cash flows for the first half of the year, excluding the effects of interest received or paid, are forecasted (in millions of dollars) as follows.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Net cash inflows ($) +2 +1 -5 -3 -2 +6
Assuming all cash-flows occur at the end of each month, approximately how much interest will Mandel incur for this period?
a. $20,000 net interest paid.
b. $53,000 net interest paid.
c. $76,000 net interest paid.
d. $195,000 net interest paid.
144. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5g
Dexter Products receives $25,000 worth of merchandise from its major supplier on the 15th and 30th of each month. The goods are sold on terms of 1/15, net 45, and Dexter has been paying on the net due date and foregoing the discount. A local bank offered Dexter a loan at an interest rate of 10%. What will be the net annual savings to Dexter if it borrows from the bank and utilizes the funds to take advantage of the trade discount?
a. $525.
b. $1,050.
c. $1,575.
d. $2,250.
145. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5f
The Rolling Stone Corporation, an entertainment ticketing service, is considering the following means of speeding cash flow for the corporation.
• Lock Box System. This would cost $25 per month for each of its 170 banks and would result in interest savings of $5,240 per month.
• Drafts. Drafts would be used to pay for ticket refunds based on 4,000 refunds per month at a cost of $2.00 per draft, which would result in interest savings of $6,500 per month.
• Bank Float. Bank float would be used for the $1,000,000 in checks written each month. The bank would charge a 2% fee for this service, but the corporation will earn $22,000 in interest on the float.
• Electronic Transfer. Items over $25,000 would be electronically transferred; it is estimated that 700 items of this type would be made each month at a cost of $18 each, which would result in increased interest earnings of $14,000 per month.
Which of these methods of speeding cash flow should Rolling Stone Corporation adopt?
a. Lock box and electronic transfer only.
b. Bank float and electronic transfer only.
c. Lock box, drafts, and electronic transfer only.
d. Lock box, bank float, and electronic transfer only.
146. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5f
JKL Industries requires its branch offices to transfer cash balances once per week to the central corporate account. A wire transfer costs $12 and assures the cash is available the same day. A depository transfer check (DTC) costs $1.50 and generally results in funds being available in 2 days. JKL’s cost of short-term
funds averages 9%, and they use a 360-day year in all calculations. What is the minimum transfer amount that would justify the cost of a wire transfer as opposed to a DTC?
a. $21,000.
b. $24,000.
c. $27,000.
d. $42,000.
147. CSO: 2B5b LOS: 2B5l
The establishment and maintenance of a zero-balance account (ZBA) typically reduces all of the following except
a. the cost of cash management.
b. the disbursement float.
c. excess bank balances.
d. management time.
148. CSO: 2B5c LOS: 2B5o
Which one of the following instruments would be least appropriate for a corporate treasurer to utilize for temporary investment of cash?
a. U.S. Treasury bills.
b. Money market mutual funds.
c. Commercial paper.
d. Municipal bonds.
149. CSO: 2B5c LOS: 2B5n
Which one of the following statements best characterizes U.S. Treasury bills?
a. They have no coupon rate, no interest rate risk, and are issued at par.
b. They have an active secondary market, one to twenty-four month maturities, and monthly interest payments.
c. They have an active secondary market, the interest received is exempt from federal income tax, and there is no interest rate risk.
d. They have no coupon rate, no default risk, and interest received is subject to federal income tax.
150. CSO: 2B5c LOS: 2B5n
The Duoplan Company is determining the most appropriate source of short-term funding. Trade credit terms from suppliers are 2/30, net 90. The rate for borrowing at the bank is 12%. The company has also been approached by an investment banker offering to issue Duoplan’s commercial paper. The commercial paper would be issued quarterly in
increments of $9.1 million with net proceeds of $8.8 million. Which option should the firm select?
a. The trade discount, because it provides the lowest cost of funds.
b. Bank borrowing, because it provides the lowest cost of funds.
c. Commercial paper, because it provides the lowest cost of funds.
d. The costs are so similar that the decision is a matter of convenience.
151. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5q
Clauson Inc. grants credit terms of 1/15, net 30 and projects gross sales for the year of $2,000,000. The credit manager estimates that 40% of customers pay on the 15th day, 40% of the 30th day and 20% on the 45th day. Assuming uniform sales and a 360-day year, what is the projected amount of overdue receivables?
a. $50,000.
b. $83,333.
c. $116,676.
d. $400,000.
152. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5u
Northville Products is changing its credit terms from net 30 to 2/10, net 30. The least likely effect of this change would be a(n)
a. increase in sales.
b. shortening of the cash conversion cycle.
c. increase in short-term borrowings.
d. lower number of days sales outstanding.
153. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5u
Snug-fit, a maker of bowling gloves, is investigating the possibility of liberalizing its credit policy. Currently, payment is made on a cash-on-delivery basis. Under a new program, sales would increase by $80,000. The company has a gross profit margin of 40%. The estimated bad debt loss rate on the incremental sales would be 6%. Ignoring the cost of money, what would be the return on sales before taxes for the new sales?
a. 34.0%.
b. 36.2%.
c. 40.0%.
d. 42.5%.
154. CSO: 2B5d LOS:2B5s
A credit manager considering whether to grant trade credit to a new customer is most likely to place primary emphasis on
a. profitability ratios.
b. valuation ratios.
c. growth ratios.
d. liquidity ratios.
155. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5hh
Foster Products is reviewing its trade credit policy with respect to the small retailers to which it sells. Four plans have been studied and the results are as follows.
Annual Bad Collection Accounts
Plan Revenue Debt Costs Receivable Inventory
A $200,000 $ 1,000 $1,000 $20,000 $40,000
B 250,000 3,000 2,000 40,000 50,000
C 300,000 6,000 5,000 60,000 60,000
D 350,000 12,000 8,000 80,000 70,000
The information shows how various annual expenses such as bad debts and the cost of collections change as sales change. The average balance of accounts receivable and inventory have also been projected. The cost of the product to Foster is 80% of the selling price, after-tax cost of capital is 15%, and Foster’s effective income tax rate is 30%. What is the optimal plan for Foster to implement?
a. Plan A.
b. Plan B.
c. Plan C.
d. Plan D.
156. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5u
Consider the following factors affecting a company as it is reviewing its trade credit policy.
I. Operating at full capacity.
II. Low cost of borrowing.
III. Opportunity for repeat sales.
IV. Low gross margin per unit.
Which of the above factors would indicate that the company should liberalize its credit policy?
a. I and II only.
b. I, II and III only.
c. II and III only.
d. III and IV only.
157. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5u
Computer Services is an established firm that sells computer hardware, software and services. The firm is considering a change in its credit policy. It has been determined that such a change would not change the payment patterns of the current customers. To determine whether such a change would be beneficial, the firm has identified the proposed new credit terms, the expected additional sales, the expected contribution margin on the sales, the expected bad debt losses, and the investment in additional receivables and the period of the investment. What additional information, if any, does the firm require to determine the profitability of the proposed new policy as compared to the current credit policy?
a. The credit standards that presently exist.
b. The new credit standards.
c. The opportunity cost of funds.
d. No additional information is needed.
158. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5hh
Harson Products currently has a conservative credit policy and is in the process of reviewing three other credit policies. The current credit policy (Policy A) results in sales of $12 million per year. Policies B and C involve higher sales, accounts receivable and inventory balances, as well as higher bad debt and collection costs. Policy D grants longer payment terms than Policy C, but charges customers interest if they take advantage of the lengthy payment terms. The policies are outlined below.
P o l i c y (000)
A B C D
Sales $12,000 $13,000 $14,000 $14,000
Average accounts receivable 1,500 2,000 3,500 5,000
Average inventory 2,000 2,300 2,500 2,500
Interest income 0 0 0 500
Bad debt expense 100 125 300 400
Collection cost 100 125 250 350
If the direct cost of products is 80% of sales and the cost of short-term funds is 10%, what is the optimal policy for Harson?
a. Policy A.
b. Policy B.
c. Policy C.
d. Policy D.
159. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5u
Global Manufacturing Company has a cost of borrowing of 12%. One of the firm’s suppliers has just offered new terms for purchases. The old terms were cash on delivery and the new terms are 2/10, net 45. Should Global pay within the first ten days?
a. Yes, the cost of not taking the trade discount exceeds the cost of borrowing.
b. No, the cost of trade credit exceeds the cost of borrowing.
c. No, the use of debt should be avoided if possible.
d. The answer depends on whether the firm borrows money.
160. CSO: 2B5d LOS: 2B5r
Locar Corporation had net sales last year of $18,600,000 (of which 20% were installment sales). It also had an average accounts receivable balance of $1,380,000. Credit terms are 2/10, net 30. Based on a 360-day year, Locar’s average collection period last year was
a. 26.2 days.
b. 26.7 days.
c. 27.3 days.
d. 33.4 days.
161. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5hh
Atlantic Distributors is expanding and wants to increase its level of inventory to support an aggressive sales target. They would like to finance this expansion using debt. Atlantic currently has loan covenants that require the working capital ratio to be at least 1.2. The average cost of the current liabilities is 12% and the cost of the long-term debt is 8%. Below is the current balance sheet for Atlantic.
Current assets $200,000 Current liabilities $165,000
Fixed assets 100,000 Long-term debt 100,000
Total assets $300,000 Equity 35,000
Total debt & equity $300,000
Which one of the following alternatives will provide the resources to expand the inventory while lowering the total cost of debt and satisfying the loan covenant?
a. Increase both accounts payable and inventory by $25,000.
b. Sell fixed assets with a book value of $20,000 for $25,000 and use the proceeds to increase inventory.
c. Borrow short-term funds of $25,000, and purchase inventory of $25,000.
d. Collect $25,000 accounts receivable; use $10,000 to purchase inventory and use the balance to reduce short-term debt.
162. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5w
All of the following are carrying costs of inventory except
a. storage costs.
b. insurance.
c. shipping costs.
d. opportunity costs.
163. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5w
Valley Inc. uses 400 lbs. of a rare isotope per year. The isotope costs $500 per lb., but the supplier is offering a quantity discount of 2% for order sizes between 30 and 79 lbs., and a 6% discount for order sizes of 80 lbs. or more. The ordering costs are $200. Carrying costs are $100 per lb. of material and are not affected by the discounts. If the purchasing manager places eight orders of 50 lbs. each, the total cost of ordering and carrying inventory, including discounts lost, will be
a. $1,600.
b. $4,100.
c. $6,600.
d. $12,100.
164. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5w
A review of the inventories of Cedar Grove Company shows the following cost data for entertainment centers.
Invoice price $400.00 per unit
Freight and insurance on shipment 20.00 per unit
Insurance on inventory 15.00 per unit
Unloading 140.00 per order
Cost of placing orders 10.00 per order
Cost of capital 25%
What are the total carrying costs of inventory for an entertainment center?
a. $105.
b. $115.
c. $120.
d. $420.
165. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5w
Paint Corporation expects to use 48,000 gallons of paint per year costing $12 per gallon. Inventory carrying cost is equal to 20% of the purchase price. The company uses its inventory at a constant rate. The lead time for placing the order is 3 days, and Paint
Corporation holds 2,400 gallons of paint as safety stock. If the company orders 2,000 gallons of paint per order, what is the cost of carrying inventory?
a. $2,400.
b. $5,280.
c. $5,760.
d. $8,160.
166. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5x
James Smith is the new manager of inventory at American Electronics, a major retailer. He is developing an inventory control system, and knows he should consider establishing a safety stock level. The safety stock can protect against all of the following risks, except for the possibility that
a. customers cannot find the merchandise they want, and they will go to the competition.
b. shipments of merchandise from the manufacturers is delayed by as much as one week.
c. the distribution of daily sales will have a large variance, due to holidays, weather, advertising, and weekly shopping habits.
d. new competition may open in the company’s market area.
167. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5y
Carnes Industries uses the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model as part of its inventory control program. An increase in which one of the following variables would increase the EOQ?
a. Carrying cost rate.
b. Purchase price per unit.
c. Ordering costs.
d. Safety stock level.
168. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5y
Which one of the following is not explicitly considered in the standard calculation of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)?
a. Level of sales.
b. Fixed ordering costs.
c. Carrying costs.
d. Quantity discounts.
169. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5y
Which one of the following statements concerning the economic order quantity (EOQ) is correct?
a. The EOQ results in the minimum ordering cost and minimum carrying cost.
b. Increasing the EOQ is the best way to avoid stockouts.
c. The EOQ model assumes constantly increasing usage over the year.
d. The EOQ model assumes that order delivery times are consistent.
170. CSO: 2B5e LOS: 2B5y
Moss Products uses the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model as part of its inventory management process. A decrease in which one of the following variables would increase the EOQ?
a. Annual sales.
b. Cost per order.
c. Safety stock level.
d. Carrying costs.
171. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5gg
Burke Industries has a revolving credit arrangement with its bank which specifies that Burke can borrow up to $5 million at an annual interest rate of 9% payable monthly. In addition, Burke must pay a commitment fee of 0.25% per month on the unused portion of the line, payable monthly. Burke expects to have a $2 million cash balance and no borrowings against this line of credit on April 1, net cash inflows of $2 million in April, net outflows of $7 million in May, and net inflows of $4 million in June. If all cash-flows occur at the end of the month, approximately how much will Burke pay to the bank during the second quarter related to this revolving credit arrangement?
a. $47,700.
b. $52,500.
c. $60,200.
d. $62,500.
172. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5aa
Of the following, the working capital financing policy that would subject a firm to the greatest level of risk is the one where the firm finances
a. fluctuating current assets with short-term debt.
b. permanent current assets with long-term debt.
c. fluctuating current assets with long-term debt.
d. permanent current assets with short-term debt.
173. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5cc
The Texas Corporation is considering the following opportunities to purchase an investment at the following amounts and discounts.
Term Amount Discount
90 days $ 80,000 5%
180 days 75,000 6%
270 days 100,000 5%
360 days 60,000 10%
Which opportunity offers the Texas Corporation the highest annual yield?
a. 90-day investment.
b. 180-day investment.
c. 270-day investment.
d. 360-day investment.
174. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5bb
A manufacturer with seasonal sales would be most likely to obtain which one of the following types of loans from a commercial bank to finance the need for a fixed amount of additional capital during the busy season?
a. Transaction loan.
b. Insurance company term loan.
c. Installment loan.
d. Unsecured short-term loan.
175. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5bb
Which of the following financing vehicles would a commercial bank be likely to offer to its customers?
I. Discounted notes
II. Term loans
III. Lines of credit
IV. Self-liquidating loans
a. I and II.
b. III and IV.
c. I, III and IV.
d. I, II, III and IV.
176. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5hh
Megatech Inc. is a large publicly-held firm. The treasurer is making an analysis of the short-term financing options available for the third quarter, as the company will need an average of $8 million for the month of July, $12 million for August, and $10 million for September. The following options are available.
I. Issue commercial paper on July 1 in an amount sufficient to net Megatech $12 million at an effective rate of 7% per year. Any temporarily excess funds will be deposited in Megatech’s investment account at First City Bank and earn interest at an annual rate of 4%.
II. Utilize a line of credit from First City Bank with interest accruing monthly on the amount utilized at the prime rate, which is estimated to be 8% in July and August and 8.5% in September.
Based on this information, which one of the following actions should the treasurer take?
a. Issue commercial paper, since it is approximately $35,000 less expensive than the line of credit.
b. Issue commercial paper, since it is approximately $14,200 less expensive than the line of credit.
c. Use the line of credit, since it is approximately $15,000 less expensive than issuing commercial paper.
d. Use the line of credit, since it is approximately $5,800 less expensive than issuing commercial paper.
177. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5bb
Dudley Products is given terms of 2/10, net 45 by its suppliers. If Dudley forgoes the cash discount and instead pays the suppliers 5 days after the net due date, what is the annual interest rate cost (using a 360-day year)?
a. 18.0%.
b. 18.4%.
c. 21.0%.
d. 24.5%.
178. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5cc
A firm is given payment terms of 3/10, net 90 and forgoes the discount paying on the net due date. Using a 360-day year and ignoring the effects of compounding, what is the effective annual interest rate cost?
a. 12.0%.
b. 12.4%.
c. 13.5%.
d. 13.9%.
179. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Lang National Bank offered a one-year loan to a commercial customer. The instrument is a discounted note with a nominal rate of 12%. What is the effective interest rate to the borrower?
a. 10.71%.
b. 12.00%.
c. 13.20%.
d. 13.64%.
180. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Gates Inc. has been offered a one-year loan by its commercial bank. The instrument is a discounted note with a stated interest rate of 9%. If Gates needs $300,000 for use in the business, what should the face value of the note be?
a. $275,229.
b. $327,000.
c. $327,154.
d. $329,670.
181. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Keller Products needs $150,000 of additional funds over the next year in order to satisfy a significant increase in demand. A commercial bank has offered Keller a one-year loan at a nominal rate of 8%, which requires a 15% compensating balance. How much would Keller have to borrow, assuming it would need to cover the compensating balance with the loan proceeds?
a. $130,435.
b. $172,500.
c. $176,471.
d. $194,805.
182. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Approximately what amount of compensating balance would be required for a stated interest rate of 10% to equal an effective interest rate of 10.31% on a $100,000,000 one-year loan?
a. $310,000.
b. $3,000,000.
c. $3,100,000.
d. Not enough information is given.
183. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
The effective annual interest rate to the borrower of a $100,000 one-year loan with a stated rate of 7% and a 20% compensating balance is
a. 7.0%.
b. 8.4%.
c. 8.75%.
d. 13.0%.
184. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Todd Manufacturing Company needs a $100 million loan for one year. Todd’s banker has presented two alternatives as follows:
Option #1 - Loan with a stated interest rate of 10.25%. No compensating balance required.
Option #2 - Loan with a stated interest rate of 10.00%. Non-interest bearing compensating balance required.
Which of the following compensating balances, withheld from the loan proceeds, would result in Option #2 having an effective interest rate equal to the 10.25% rate of Option #1?
a. $250,000.
b. $2,440,000.
c. $2,500,000.
d. $10,250,000.
185. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
Frame Industries has arranged a revolving line of credit for the upcoming year with a commercial bank. The arrangement is for $20 million, with interest payable monthly on the amount utilized at the bank’s prime rate and an annual commitment fee of one-half of 1 percent, computed and payable monthly on the unused portion of the line. Frame estimates that the prime rate for the upcoming year will be 8%, and expects the following average amount to be borrowed by quarter.
Quarter Amount Borrowed
First $10,000,000
Second 20,000,000
Third 20,000,000
Fourth 5,000,000
How much will Frame pay to the bank next year in interest and fees?
a. $1,118,750.
b. $1,131,250.
c. $1,168,750.
d. $1,200,000.
186. CSO: 2B5f LOS: 2B5dd
What is the effective annual interest rate for a one-year $100 million loan with a stated interest rate of 8.00%, if the lending bank requires a non-interest bearing compensating balance in the amount of $5 million?
a. 7.62%
b. 8.00%
c. 8.42%
d. 13.00%
187. CSO: 2B6f LOS: 2B6l
The residual theory of dividends argues that dividends
a. are necessary to maintain the market price of the common stock.
b. are irrelevant.
c. can be foregone unless there is an excess demand for cash dividends.
d. can be paid if there is income remaining after funding all attractive investment opportunities.
188. CSO: 2B6f LOS:2B6m
Mason Inc. is considering four alternative opportunities. Required investment outlays and expected rates of return for these investments are given below.
Project Investment Cost IRR
A $200,000 12.5
B $350,000 14.2
C $570,000 16.5
D $390,000 10.6
The investments will be financed through 40% debt and 60% common equity. Internally generated funds totaling $1,000,000 are available for reinvestment. If the cost of capital is 11%, and Mason strictly follows the residual dividend policy, how much in dividends would the company likely pay?
a. $120,000.
b. $328,000.
c. $430,000.
d. $650,000.
189. CSO: 2B6f LOS: 2B6m
When determining the amount of dividends to be declared, the most important factor to consider is the
a. expectations of the shareholders.
b. future planned uses of retained earnings.
c. impact of inflation on replacement costs.
d. future planned uses of cash.
190. CSO: 2B6f LOS: 2B6l
Underhall Inc.’s common stock is currently selling for $108 per share. Underhall is planning a new stock issue in the near future and would like to stimulate interest in the company. The Board, however, does not want to distribute capital at this time. Therefore, Underhall is considering whether to offer a 2-for-1 common stock split or a 100% stock dividend on its common stock. The best reason for opting for the stock split is that
a. it will not decrease shareholders’ equity.
b. it will not impair the company’s ability to pay dividends in the future.
c. the impact on earnings per share will not be as great.
d. the par value per share will remain unchanged.
191. CSO: 2B6f LOS: 2B6m
Kalamazoo Inc. has issued 25,000 shares of its authorized 50,000 shares of common stock. There are 5,000 shares of common stock that have been repurchased and are classified as treasury stock. Kalamazoo has 10,000 shares of preferred stock. If a $0.60 per share dividend has been authorized on its common stock, what will be the total common stock dividend payment?
a. $12,000.
b. $15,000.
c. $21,000.
d. $30,000.
192. CSO: 2B8a LOS: 2B8b
Under a floating exchange rate system, which one of the following should result in a depreciation of the Swiss franc?
a. U.S. inflation declines relative to the Swiss inflation.
b. U.S. income levels improve relative to the Swiss.
c. Swiss interest rate rise relative to the U.S. rates.
d. Decrease in outflows of Swiss capital to the U.S.
193. CSO: 2B8a LOS: 2B8b
If the U.S. dollar appreciated against the British pound, other things being equal, we would expect that
a. the British demand for U.S. products would increase.
b. U.S. demand for British products would decrease.
c. U.S. demand for British products would increase.
d. trade between the U.S. and Britain would decrease.
194. CSO: 2B8a LOS: 2B8b
Country A’s currency would tend to appreciate relative to Country B’s currency when
a. Country A has a higher rate of inflation than Country B.
b. Country B has real interest rates that are greater than real interest rates in Country A.
c. Country A has a slower rate of growth in income that causes its imports to lag behind its exports.
d. Country B switches to a more restrictive monetary policy.
195. CSO: 2B8a LOS: 2B8b
Country R’s currency would tend to depreciate relative to Country T’s currency when
a. Country R switches to a more restrictive monetary policy.
b. Country T has a rapid rate of growth in income that causes imports to lag behind exports.
c. Country R has a rate of inflation that is lower than the rate of inflation in Country T.
d. Country R has real interest rates that are lower than real interest rates in Country T.
Section C: Decision Analysis and Risk Management
196. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Garner Products is considering a new accounts payable and cash disbursement process which is projected to add 3 days to the disbursement schedule without having significant negative effects on supplier relations. Daily cash outflows average $1,500,000. Garner is in a short-term borrowing position for 8 months of the year and in an investment position for 4 months. On an annual basis, bank lending rates are expected to average 7% and marketable securities yields are expected to average 4%. What is the maximum annual expense that Garner could incur for this new process and still break even?
a. $90,000.
b. $180,000.
c. $270,000.
d. $315,000.
197. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Bolger and Co. manufactures large gaskets for the turbine industry. Bolger’s per unit sales price and variable costs for the current year are as follows.
Sales price per unit $300
Variable costs per unit 210
Bolger’s total fixed costs aggregate $360,000. As Bolger’s labor agreement is expiring at the end of the year, management is concerned about the effect a new agreement will have on its unit breakeven point. The controller performed a sensitivity analysis to ascertain the estimated effect of a $10 per unit direct labor increase and a $10,000 reduction in fixed costs. Based on these data, it was determined that the breakeven point would
a. decrease by 1,000 units.
b. decrease by 125 units.
c. increase by 375 units.
d. increase by 500 units.
198. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1b
Phillips & Company produces educational software. Its unit cost structure, based upon an anticipated production volume of 150,000 units, is as follows.
Sales price $160
Variable costs 60
Fixed costs 55
The marketing department has estimated sales for the coming year at 175,000 units, which is within the relevant range of Phillip’s cost structure. Phillip’s break-even volume (in units) and anticipated operating income for the coming year would amount to
a. 82,500 units and $7,875,000 of operating income.
b. 82,500 units and $9,250,000 of operating income.
c. 96,250 units and $3,543,750 of operating income.
d. 96,250 units and $7,875,000 of operating income.
199. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1a
All of the following are assumptions of cost-volume-profit analysis except
a. total fixed costs do not change with a change in volume.
b. revenues change proportionately with volume.
c. variable costs per unit change proportionately with volume.
d. sales mix for multi-product situations do not vary with volume changes.
200. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Ace Manufacturing plans to produce two products, Product C and Product F, during the next year, with the following characteristics.
Product C Product F
Selling price per unit $10 $15
Variable cost per unit $ 8 $10
Expected sales (units) 20,000 5,000
Total projected fixed costs for the company are $30,000. Assume that the product mix would be the same at the breakeven point as at the expected level of sales of both products. What is the projected number of units (rounded) of Product C to be sold at the breakeven point?
a. 2,308 units.
b. 9,231 units.
c. 11,538 units.
d. 15,000 units.
201. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Starlight Theater stages a number of summer musicals at its theater in northern Ohio. Preliminary planning has just begun for the upcoming season, and Starlight has developed the following estimated data.
Average
Number of Attendance per Ticket Variable Fixed
Production Performances Performance Price Costs 1 Costs 2
Mr. Wonderful 12 3,500 $18 $3 $165,000
That’s Life 20 3,000 15 1 249,000
All That Jazz 12 4,000 20 0 316,000
1 Represent payments to production companies and are based on tickets sold.
2 Costs directly associated with the entire run of each production for costumes, sets, and artist fees.
Starlight will also incur $565,000 of common fixed operating charges (administrative overhead, facility costs, and advertising) for the entire season, and is subject to a 30% income tax rate. These common charges are allocated based on total attendance for each production.
If Starlight’s schedule of musicals is held, as planned, how many patrons would have to attend for Starlight to break even during the summer season?
a. 77,918.
b. 79,302.
c. 79,938.
d. 81,344.
202. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Carson Inc. manufactures only one product and is preparing its budget for next year based on the following information.
Selling price per unit $ 100
Variable costs per unit 75
Fixed costs 250,000
Effective tax rate 35%
If Carson wants to achieve a net income of $1.3 million next year, its sales must be
a. 62,000 units.
b. 70,200 units.
c. 80,000 units.
d. 90,000 units.
203. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
MetalCraft produces three inexpensive socket wrench sets that are popular with do-it-yourselfers. Budgeted information for the upcoming year is as follows.
Estimated
Model Selling Price Variable Cost Sales Volume
No. 109 $10.00 $ 5.50 30,000 sets
No. 145 15.00 8.00 75,000 sets
No. 153 20.00 14.00 45,000 sets
Total fixed costs for the socket wrench product line is $961,000. If the company’s actual experience remains consistent with the estimated sales volume percentage distribution, and the firm desires to generate total operating income of $161,200, how many Model No. 153 socket sets will MetalCraft have to sell?
a. 26,000.
b. 54,300.
c. 155,000.
d. 181,000.
204. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Starlight Theater stages a number of summer musicals at its theater in northern Ohio. Preliminary planning has just begun for the upcoming season, and Starlight has developed the following estimated data.
Average
Number of Attendance per Ticket Variable Fixed
Production Performances Performance Price Costs1 Costs 2
Mr. Wonderful 12 3,500 $18 $3 $165,000
That’s Life 20 3,000 15 1 249,000
All That Jazz 12 4,000 20 0 316,000
1 Represent payments to production companies and are based on tickets sold.
2 Costs directly associated with the entire run of each production for costumes, sets, and artist fees.
Starlight will also incur $565,000 of common fixed operating charges (administrative overhead, facility costs, and advertising) for the entire season, and is subject to a 30% income tax rate.
If management desires Mr. Wonderful to produce an after-tax contribution of $210,000 toward the firm’s overall operating income for the year, total attendance for the production would have to be
a. 20,800.
b. 25,000.
c. 25,833.
d. 31,000.
205. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Robin Company wants to earn a 6% return on sales after taxes. The company’s effective income tax rate is 40%, and its contribution margin is 30%. If Robin has fixed costs of $240,000, the amount of sales required to earn the desired return is
a. $375,000.
b. $400,000.
c. $1,000,000.
d. $1,200,000.
206. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Bargain Press is considering publishing a new textbook. The publisher has developed the following cost data related to a production run of 6,000, the minimum possible production run. Bargain Press will sell the textbook for $45 per copy.
Estimated cost
Development (reviews, class testing, editing) $35,000
Typesetting 18,500
Depreciation on Equipment 9,320
General and Administrative 7,500
Miscellaneous Fixed Costs 4,400
Printing and Binding 30,000
Sales staff commissions (2% of selling price) 5,400
Bookstore commissions (25% of selling price) 67,500
Author’s Royalties (10% of selling price) 27,000
Total costs at production of 6,000 copies $204,620
How many textbooks must Bargain Press sell in order to generate operating earnings (earnings before interest and taxes) of 20% on sales? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole textbook.)
a. 2,076 copies.
b. 5,207 copies.
c. 5,412 copies.
d. 6,199 copies.
207. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1g
Zipper Company invested $300,000 in a new machine to produce cones for the textile industry. Zipper’s variable costs are 30% of the selling price, and its fixed costs are $600,000. Zipper has an effective income tax rate of 40%. The amount of sales required to earn an 8% after-tax return on its investment would be
a. $891,429.
b. $914,286.
c. $2,080,000.
d. $2,133,333.
208. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1a
Breakeven quantity is defined as the volume of output at which revenues are equal to
a. marginal costs.
b. total costs.
c. variable costs.
d. fixed costs.
209. CSO: 2C1a LOS: 2C1b
Eagle Brand Inc. produces two products. Data regarding these products are presented below.
Product X Product Y
Selling price per unit $100 $130
Variable costs per unit $80 $100
Raw materials used per unit 4 lbs. 10 lbs.
Eagle Brand has 1,000 lbs. of raw materials which can be used to produce Products X and Y.
Which one of the alternatives below should Eagle Brand accept in order to maximize contribution margin?
a. 100 units of product Y.
b. 250 units of product X.
c. 200 units of product X and 20 units of product Y.
d. 200 units of product X and 50 units of product Y.
210. CSO: 2C1b LOS: 2C1b
For the year just ended, Silverstone Company’s sales revenue was $450,000. Silverstone’s fixed costs were $120,000 and its variable costs amounted to $270,000. For the current year sales are forecasted at $500,000. If the fixed costs do not change, Silverstone’s profits this year will be
a. $60,000.
b. $80,000.
c. $110,000.
d. $200,000.
211. CSO: 2C1b LOS: 2C1f
Breeze Company has a contribution margin of $4,000 and fixed costs of $1,000. If the total contribution margin increases by $1,000, operating profit would
a. decrease by $1,000.
b. increase by more than $1,000.
c. increase by $1,000.
d. remain unchanged.
212. CSO: 2C1b LOS: 2C1b
Wilkinson Company sells its single product for $30 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 45% and Wilkinson has fixed costs of $10,000 per month. If 3,000 units are sold in the current month, Wilkinson’s income would be
a. $30,500.
b. $49,500.
c. $40,500.
d. $90,000.
213. CSO: 2C1c LOS: 2C1i
Cervine Corporation makes motors for various products. Operating data and unit cost information for its products are presented below.
Product A Product B
Annual unit capacity 10,000 20,000
Annual unit demand 10,000 20,000
Selling price $100 $80
Variable manufacturing cost 53 45
Fixed manufacturing cost 10 10
Variable selling & administrative 10 11
Fixed selling & administrative 5 4
Fixed other administrative 2 -
Unit operating profit $ 20 $10
Machine hours per unit 2.0 1.5
Cervine has 40,000 productive machine hours available. What is the maximum total contribution margin that Cervine can generate in the coming year?
a. $665,000.
b. $689,992.
c. $850,000.
d. $980,000.
214. CSO: 2C1c LOS: 2C1i
Specialty Cakes Inc. produces two types of cakes, a 2 lbs. round cake and a 3 lbs. heart-shaped cake. Total fixed costs for the firm are $94,000. Variable costs and sales data for the two types of cakes are presented below.
2 lbs. 3 lbs.
Round Cake Heart-shape Cake
Selling price per unit $12 $20
Variable cost per unit $8 $15
Current sales (units) 10,000 15,000
If the product sales mix were to change to three heart-shaped cakes for each round cake, the breakeven volume for each of these products would be
a. 8,174 round cakes, 12,261 heart-shaped cakes.
b. 12,261 round cakes, 8,174 heart-shaped cakes.
c. 4,947 round cakes, 14,842 heart-shaped cakes.
d. 15,326 round cakes, 8,109 heart-shaped cakes.
215. CSO: 2C1c LOS: 2C1f
Lazar Industries produces two products, Crates and Boxes. Per unit selling prices, costs, and resource utilization for these products are as follows.
Crates Boxes
Selling price $20 $30
Direct material costs $ 5 $ 5
Direct labor costs 8 10
Variable overhead costs 3 5
Variable selling costs 1 2
Machine hours per unit 2 4
Production of Crates and Boxes involves joint processes and use of the same facilities. The total fixed factory overhead cost is $2,000,000 and total fixed selling and administrative costs are $840,000. Production and sales are scheduled for 500,000 units of Crates and 700,000 units of Boxes. Lazar maintains no direct materials, work-in-process, or finished goods inventory.
Lazar can reduce direct material costs for Crates by 50% per unit, with no change in direct labor costs. However, it would increase machine-hour production time by 1-1/2 hours per unit. For Crates, variable overhead costs are allocated based on machine hours. What would be the effect on the total contribution margin if this change was implemented?
a. $125,000 increase.
b. $250,000 decrease.
c. $300,000 increase.
d. $1,250,000 increase.
216. CSO: 2C1c LOS: 2C1h
Ticker Company sells two products. Product A provides a contribution margin of $3 per unit, and Product B provides a contribution margin of $4 per unit. If Ticker’s sales mix shifts toward Product A, which one of the following statements is correct?
a. The total number of units necessary to break even will decrease.
b. The overall contribution margin ratio will increase.
c. Operating income will decrease if the total number of units sold remains constant.
d. The contribution margin ratios for Products A and B will change.
217. CSO: 2C1c LOS: 2C1i
Lazar Industries produces two products, Crates and Trunks. Per unit selling prices, costs, and resource utilization for these products are as follows.
Crates Trunks
Selling price $20 $30
Direct material costs $ 5 $ 5
Direct labor costs 8 10
Variable overhead costs 3 5
Variable selling costs 1 2
Machine hours per unit 2 4
Production of Crates and Trunks involves joint processes and use of the same facilities. The total fixed factory overhead cost is $2,000,000 and total fixed selling and administrative costs are $840,000. Production and sales are scheduled for 500,000 Crates and 700,000 Trunks. Lazar has a normal capacity to produce a total of 2,000,000 units in any combination of Crates and Trunks, and maintains no direct materials, work-in-process, or finished goods inventory.
Due to plant renovations Lazar Industries will be limited to 1,000,000 machine hours. What is the maximum amount of contribution margin Lazar can generate during the renovation period?
a. $1,500,000.
b. $2,000,000.
c. $3,000,000.
d. $7,000,000.
218. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2c
Johnson waits two hours in line to buy a ticket to an NCAA Final Four Tournament. The opportunity cost of buying the $200 ticket is
a. Johnson’s best alternative use of the $200.
b. Johnson’s best alternative use of the two hours it took to wait in line.
c. the value of the $200 to the ticket agent.
d. Johnson’s best alternative use of both the $200 and the two hours spent in line.
219. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
In a management decision process, the cost measurement of the benefits sacrificed due to selecting an alternative use of resources is most often referred to as a(n)
a. relevant cost.
b. sunk cost.
c. opportunity cost.
d. differential cost.
220. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
In order to avoid pitfalls in relevant-cost analysis, management should focus on
a. variable cost items that differ for each alternative.
b. long-run fixed costs of each alternative.
c. anticipated fixed costs and variable costs of all alternatives.
d. anticipated revenues and costs that differ for each alternative.
221. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
In a joint manufacturing process, joint costs incurred prior to a decision as to whether to process the products after the split-off point should be viewed as
a. sunk costs.
b. relevant costs.
c. standard costs.
d. differential costs.
222. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
Jack Blaze wants to rent store space in a new shopping mall for the three month holiday shopping season. Blaze believes he has a new product available which has the potential for good sales. The product can be obtained on consignment at the cost of $20 per unit and he expects to sell the item for $100 per unit. Due to other business ventures, Blaze’s risk tolerance is low. He recognizes that, as the product is entirely new, there is an element of risk. The mall management has offered Blaze three rental options: (1) a fixed fee of $8,000 per month, (2) a fixed fee of $3,990 per month plus 10% of Blaze’s revenue, or (3) 30% of Blaze’s revenues. Which one of the following actions would you recommend to Jack Blaze?
a. Choose the first option no matter what Blaze expects the revenues to be.
b. Choose the second option no matter what Blaze expects the revenues to be.
c. Choose the second option only if Blaze expects revenues to exceed $5,700.
d. Choose the third option no matter what Blaze expects the revenues to be.
223. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
Profits that are lost by moving an input from one use to another are referred to as
a. out-of-pocket costs.
b. cannibalization charges.
c. replacement costs.
d. opportunity costs.
224. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2a
In differential cost analysis, which one of the following best fits the description of a sunk cost?
a. Direct materials required in the manufacture of a table.
b. Purchasing department costs incurred in acquiring material.
c. Cost of the forklift driver to move the material to the manufacturing floor.
d. Cost of a large crane used to move materials.
225. CSO: 2C2a LOS: 2C2d
Refrigerator Company manufactures ice-makers for installation in refrigerators. The costs per unit, for 20,000 units of ice-makers, are as follows.
Direct materials $ 7
Direct labor 12
Variable overhead 5
Fixed overhead 10
Total costs $34
Cool Compartments Inc. has offered to sell 20,000 ice-makers to Refrigerator Company for $28 per unit. If Refrigerator accepts Cool Compartments’ offer the plant would be idled and fixed overhead amounting to $6 per unit could be eliminated. The total relevant costs associated with the manufacture of ice-makers amount to
a. $480,000.
b. $560,000.
c. $600,000.
d. $680,000.
226. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Edwards Products has just developed a new product with a manufacturing cost of $30. The Marketing Director has identified three marketing approaches for this new product.
Approach X Set a selling price of $36 and have the firm’s sales staff sell the product at a 10% commission with no advertising program. Estimated annual sales would be 10,000 units.
Approach Y Set a selling price of $38, have the firm’s sales staff sell the product at a 10% commission, and back them up with a $30,000 advertising program. Estimated annual sales would be 12,000 units.
Approach Z Rely on wholesalers to handle the product. Edwards would sell the new product to the wholesalers at $32 per unit and incur no selling expenses. Estimated annual sales would be 14,000 units.
Rank the three alternatives in order of net profit, from highest net profit to lowest.
a. X, Y, Z.
b. Y, Z, X.
c. Z, X, Y.
d. Z, Y, X.
227. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2g
Auburn Products Inc. has compiled the following daily cost information for its manufacturing operation.
Output (units) Fixed Cost Variable Cost
0 $2,000 $ 0
1 2,000 200
2 2,000 380
3 2,000 550
4 2,000 700
5 2,000 860
6 2,000 1,040
7 2,000 1,250
8 2,000 1,500
Auburn’s average total cost at an output level of 3 units is
a. $667.
b. $850.
c. $1,217.
d. $2,550.
228. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2g
Daily costs for Kelso Manufacturing include $1,000 of fixed costs and total variable costs are shown below.
Unit Output 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cost $125 $250 $400 $525 $700 $825
The average total cost at an output level of 11 units is
a. $113.64.
b. $125.00.
c. $215.91.
d. $250.00.
229. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Harper Products’ cost information for the normal range of output in a month is shown below.
Output in units Total Cost
20,000 $3,000,000
22,500 3,325,000
25,000 3,650,000
What is Harper’s short-run marginal cost?
a. $26.
b. $130.
c. $146.
d. $150.
230. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Auburn Products Inc. has compiled the following daily cost information for its manufacturing operation.
Output (units) Fixed Cost Variable Cost
0 $2,000 $ 0
1 2,000 200
2 2,000 380
3 2,000 550
4 2,000 700
5 2,000 860
6 2,000 1,040
7 2,000 1,250
8 2,000 1,500
Auburn’s marginal cost for the 7th unit is
a. $179.
b. $210.
c. $286.
d. $464.
231. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Daily costs for Kelso Manufacturing include $1,250 in fixed costs and total variable costs are shown below.
Unit Output 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cost $150 $300 $480 $620 $750 $900
The marginal cost of the 12th unit is
a. $180.00.
b. $140.00.
c. $104.16.
d. $40.00.
232. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2g
The total cost of producing 100 units of a good is $800. If a firm’s average variable cost is $5 per unit, then the firm’s
a. average fixed cost is $3.
b. total variable cost is $300.
c. marginal cost is $3.
d. marginal cost is $8.
233. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Daily sales and cost data for Crawford Industries are shown below.
Sales Total
Units $ Costs
20 $2,000 $1,200
21 2,090 1,250
22 2,170 1,290
23 2,240 1,330
24 2,300 1,380
25 2,350 1,440
The marginal cost of the 23rd unit is
a. $30.00.
b. $40.00.
c. $50.00.
d. $57.83.}
234. CSO: 2C2b LOS: 2C2f
Parker Manufacturing is analyzing the market potential for its specialty turbines. Parker developed its pricing and cost structures for their specialty turbines over various relevant ranges. The pricing and cost data for each relevant range are presented below.
Units produced and sold 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20
Total fixed costs $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000
Unit variable cost 50,000 50,000 45,000 45,000
Unit selling price 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
Which one of the following production/sales levels would produce the highest operating income for Parker?
a. 8 units.
b. 10 units.
c. 14 units.
d. 17 units.
235. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2i
Johnson Company manufactures a variety of shoes, and has received a special one-time-only order directly from a wholesaler. Johnson has sufficient idle capacity to accept the special order to manufacture 15,000 pairs of sneakers at a price of $7.50 per pair. Johnson’s normal selling price is $11.50 per pair of sneakers. Variable manufacturing costs are $5.00 per pair and fixed manufacturing costs are $3.00 a pair. Johnson’s variable selling expense for its normal line of sneakers is $1.00 per pair. What would the effect on Johnson’s operating income be if the company accepted the special order?
a. Decrease by $60,000.
b. Increase by $22,500.
c. Increase by $37,500.
d. Increase by $52,500.
236. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2i
The Robo Division, a decentralized division of GMT Industries, has been approached to submit a bid for a potential project for the RSP Company. Robo Division has been informed by RSP that they will not consider bids over $8,000,000. Robo Division purchases its materials from the Cross Division of GMT Industries. There would be no additional fixed costs for either the Robo or Cross Divisions. Information regarding this project is as follows.
Cross Division Robo Division
Variable Costs $1,500,000 $4,800,000
Transfer Price 3,700,000 -
If Robo Division submits a bid for $8,000,000, the amount of contribution margin recognized by the Robo Division and GMT Industries, respectively, is
a. $(500,000) and $(2,000,000).
b. $3,200,000 and $(500,000).
c. $(500,000) and $1,700,000.
d. $3,200,000 and $1,700.000.
237. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2i
Basic Computer Company (BCC) sells its micro-computers using bid pricing. It develops bids on a full cost basis. Full cost includes estimated material, labor, variable overheads, fixed manufacturing overheads, and reasonable incremental computer assembly administrative costs, plus a 10% return on full cost. BCC believes bids in excess of $925 per computer are not likely to be considered.
BCC’s current cost structure, based on its normal production levels, is $500 for materials per computer and $20 per labor hour. Assembly and testing of each computer requires 12 labor hours. BCC’s variable manufacturing overhead is $2 per labor hour, fixed manufacturing overhead is $3 per labor hour, and incremental administrative costs are $8 per computer assembled.
The company has received a request from the School Board for 500 computers. BCC’s management expects heavy competition in bidding for this job. As this is a very large order for BCC, and could lead to other educational institution orders, management is extremely interested in submitting a bid which would win the job, but at a price high enough so that current net income will not be unfavorably impacted. Management believes this order can be absorbed within its current manufacturing facility. Which one of the following bid prices should be recommended to BCC’s management?
a. $764.00.
b. $772.00.
c. $849.20.
d. $888.80.
238. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2h
The loss of a key customer has temporarily caused Bedford Machining to have some excess manufacturing capacity. Bedford is considering the acceptance of a special order, one that involves Bedford’s most popular product. Consider the following types of costs.
I. Variable costs of the product
II. Fixed costs of the product
III. Direct fixed costs associated with the order
IV. Opportunity cost of the temporarily idle capacity
Which one of the following combinations of cost types should be considered in the special order acceptance decision?
a. I and II.
b. I and IV.
c. II and III.
d. I, III, and IV.
239. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2h
Raymund Inc. currently sells its only product to Mall-Stores. Raymund has received a one-time-only order for 2,000 units from another buyer. Sale of the special order items will not require any additional selling effort. Raymund has a manufacturing capacity to produce 7,000 units. Raymund has an effective income tax rate of 40%. Raymund’s Income Statement, before consideration of the one-time-only order, is as follows.
Sales (5,000 units at $20 per unit) $100,000
Variable manufacturing costs $50,000
Variable selling costs 15,000 65,000
Contribution margin 35,000
Fixed manufacturing costs 16,000
Fixed selling costs 4,000 20,000
Operating income 15,000
Income taxes 6,000
Net income $ 9,000
In negotiating a price for the special order, Raymund should set the minimum per unit selling price at
a. $10.
b. $13.
c. $17.
d. $18.
240. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2d
Two months ago, Hickory Corporation purchased 4,500 pounds of Kaylene at a cost of $15,300. The market for this product has become very strong, with the price jumping to $4.05 per pound. Because of the demand, Hickory can buy or sell Kaylene at this price. Hickory recently received a special order inquiry that would require the use of 4,200 pounds of Kaylene. In deciding whether to accept the order, management must evaluate a number of decision factors. Without regard to income taxes, which one of the following combination of factors correctly depicts relevant and irrelevant decision factors, respectively?
Relevant Decision Factor Irrelevant Decision Factor
a. Remaining 300 pounds of Kaylene Market price of $4.05 per lb.
b. Market price of $4.05 per lb. Purchase price of $3.40 per lb.
c. Purchase price of $3.40 per lb. Market price of $4.05 per lb.
d. 4,500 pounds of Kaylene Remaining 300 pounds of Kaylene.
241. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2i
Gardener Company currently is using its full capacity of 25,000 machine hours to manufacture product XR-2000. LJB Corporation placed an order with Gardener for the manufacture of 1,000 units of KT-6500. LJB would normally manufacture this component. However, due to a fire at its plant, LJB needs to purchase these units to continue manufacturing other products. This is a one time special order. The following reflects unit cost data, and selling prices.
KT-6500 XR-2000
Material $27 $24
Direct labor 12 10
Variable overhead 6 5
Fixed overhead 48 40
Variable selling & administrative 5 4
Fixed selling & administrative 12 10
Normal selling price $125 $105
Machine hours required 3 4
What is the minimum unit price that Gardener should charge LJB to manufacture 1,000 units of KT-6500?
a. $93.00.
b. $96.50.
c. $110.00.
d. $125.00.
242. CSO: 2C2c LOS: 2C2o
Green Corporation builds custom-designed machinery. A review of selected data and the company’s pricing policies revealed the following.
• A 10% commission is paid on all sales orders.
• Variable and fixed factory overheads total 40% and 20%, respectively, of direct labor.
• Corporate administrative costs amount to 10% of direct labor.
• When bidding on jobs, Green adds a 25% markup to the total of all factory and administrative costs to cover income taxes and produce a profit.
• The firm’s income tax rate is 40%.
The company expects to operate at a maximum of 80% of practical capacity.
Green recently received an invitation to bid on the manufacture of some custom machinery for Kennendale, Inc. For this project, Green’s production accountants estimate the material and labor costs will be $66,000 and $120,000, respectively. Accordingly, Green submitted a bid to Kennendale in the amount of $375,000. Feeling Green’s bid was too high, Kennendale countered with a price of $280,000. Which one of the following options should be recommended to Green’s management?
a. Accept the counteroffer because the order will increase operating income.
b. Accept the counteroffer even though the order will decrease operating income.
c. Reject the counteroffer even though the order will increase operating income.
d. Reject the counteroffer because the order will decrease operating income.
243. CSO: 2C2d LOS: 2C2o
Synergy Inc. produces a component that is popular in many refrigeration systems. Data on three of the five different models of this component are as follows.
Model
A B C
Volume needed (units) 5,000 6,000 3,000
Manufacturing costs
Variable direct costs $10 $24 $20
Variable overhead 5 10 15
Fixed overhead 11 20 17
Total manufacturing costs $26 $54 $52
Cost if purchased $21 $42 $39
Synergy applies variable overhead on the basis of machine hours at the rate of $2.50 per hour. Models A and B are manufactured in the Freezer Department, which has a capacity of 28,000 machine processing hours. Which one of the following options should be recommended to Synergy's management?
a. Purchase all three products in the quantities required.
b. Manufacture all three products in the quantities required.
c. The Freezer Department's manufacturing plan should include 5,000 units of Model A and 4,500 units of Model B.
d. The Freezer Department's manufacturing plan should include 2,000 units of Model A and 6,000 units of Model B.
244. CSO: 2C2d LOS: 2C2d
Refrigerator Company manufactures ice-makers for installation in refrigerators. The costs per unit, for 20,000 units of ice-makers, are as follows.
Direct materials $ 7
Direct labor 12
Variable overhead 5
Fixed overhead 10
Total costs $34
Cool Compartments Inc. has offered to sell 20,000 ice-makers to Refrigerator Company for $28 per unit. If Refrigerator accepts Cool Compartments’ offer, the facilities used to manufacture ice-makers could be used to produce water filtration units. Revenues from the sale of water filtration units are estimated at $80,000, with variable costs amounting to 60% of sales. In addition, $6 per unit of the fixed overhead associated with the manufacture of ice-makers could be eliminated.
For Refrigerator Company to determine the most appropriate action to take in this situation, the total relevant costs of make vs. buy, respectively, are
a. $600,000 vs. $560,000.
b. $648,000 vs. $528,000.
c. $600,000 vs. $528,000.
d. $680,000 vs. $440,000.
245. CSO: 2C2d LOS: 2C2d
Sunshine Corporation is considering the purchase of a new machine for $800,000. The machine is capable of producing 1.6 million units of product over its useful life. The manufacturer’s engineering specifications state that the machine-related cost of producing each unit of product should be $.50. Sunshine’s total anticipated demand over the asset’s useful life is 1.2 million units. The average cost of materials and labor for each unit is $.40. In considering whether to buy the new machine, would you recommend that Sunshine use the manufacturer’s engineering specification of machine-related unit production cost?
a. No, the machine-related cost of producing each unit is $2.00.
b. No, the machine-related cost of producing each unit is $.67.
c. No, the machine-related cost of producing each unit is $.90.
d. Yes, the machine-related cost of producing each unit is $.50.
246. CSO: 2C2d LOS: 2C2h
Aril Industries is a multiproduct company that currently manufactures 30,000 units of Part 730 each month for use in production. The facilities now being used to produce Part 730 have fixed monthly overhead costs of $150,000, and a theoretical capacity to produce 60,000 units per month. If Aril were to buy Part 730 from an outside supplier, the facilities would be idle and 40% of fixed costs would continue to be incurred. There are no alternative uses for the facilities. The variable production costs of Part 730 are $11 per unit. Fixed overhead is allocated based on planned production levels.
If Aril Industries continues to use 30,000 units of Part 730 each month, it would realize a net benefit by purchasing Part 730 from an outside supplier only if the supplier’s unit price is less than
a. $12.00.
b. $12.50.
c. $13.00.
d. $14.00.
247. CSO: 2C2d LOS: 2C2a
Verla Industries is trying to decide which one of the following two options to pursue. Either option will take effect on January 1st of the next year.
Option One - Acquire a New Finishing Machine.
The cost of the machine is $1,000,000 and will have a useful life of five years. Net pre-tax cash flows arising from savings in labor costs will amount to $100,000 per year for five years. Depreciation expense will be calculated using the straight-line method for both financial and tax reporting purposes. As an incentive to purchase, Verla will receive a trade-in allowance of $50,000 on their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Option Two - Outsource the Finishing Work.
Verla can outsource the work to LM Inc. at a cost of $200,000 per year for five years. If they outsource, Verla will scrap their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Verla’s effective income tax rate is 40%. The weighted-average cost of capital is 10%.
When comparing the two options, the $50,000 trade-in allowance would be considered
a. irrelevant because it does not affect taxes.
b. relevant because it is a decrease in cash outflow.
c. irrelevant because it does not affect cash.
d. relevant because it is an increase in cash outflows.
248. CSO: 2C2e LOS: 2C2o
Jones Enterprises manufactures 3 products, A, B, and C. During the month of May Jones’ production, costs, and sales data were as follows.
Products
A B C Totals
Units of production 30,000 20,000 70,000 120,000
Joint production costs
to split-off point $480,000
Further processing costs $ - $60,000 $140,000
Unit sales price
At split-off 3.75 5.50 10.25
After further processing - 8.00 12.50
Based on the above information, which one of the following alternatives should be recommended to Jones’ management?
a. Sell both Product B and Product C at the split-off point.
b. Process Product B further but sell Product C at the split-off point.
c. Process Product C further but sell Product B at the split-off point.
d. Process both Products B and C further.
249. CSO: 2C2e LOS: 2C2l
Oakes Inc. manufactured 40,000 gallons of Mononate and 60,000 gallons of Beracyl in a joint production process, incurring $250,000 of joint costs. Oakes allocates joint costs based on the physical volume of each product produced. Mononate and Beracyl can each be sold at the split-off point in a semifinished state or, alternatively, processed further. Additional data about the two products are as follows.
Mononate Beracyl
Sales price per gallon at split-off $7 $15
Sales price per gallon if processed further $10 $18
Variable production costs if processed further $125,000 $115,000
An assistant in the company’s cost accounting department was overheard saying “....that when both joint and separable costs are considered, the firm has no business processing either product beyond the split-off point. The extra revenue is simply not worth the effort.” Which of the following strategies should be recommended for Oakes?
Mononate Beracyl
a. Sell at split-off Sell at split-off.
b. Sell at split-off Process further.
c. Process further Sell at split-off.
d. Process further Process further.
250. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2l
Current business segment operations for Whitman, a mass retailer, are presented below.
Merchandise Automotive Restaurant Total
Sales $500,000 $400,000 $100,000 $1,000,000
Variable costs 300,000 200,000 70,000 570,000
Fixed costs 100,000 100,000 50,000 250,000
Operating income (loss) $100,000 $100,000 $(20,000) $ 180,000
Management is contemplating the discontinuance of the Restaurant segment since “it is losing money.” If this segment is discontinued, $30,000 of its fixed costs will be eliminated. In addition, Merchandise and Automotive sales will decrease 5% from their current levels. What will Whitman’s total contribution margin be if the Restaurant segment is discontinued?
a. $160,000.
b. $220,000.
c. $367,650.
d. $380,000.
251. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2h
Current business segment operations for Whitman, a mass retailer, are presented below.
Merchandise Automotive Restaurant Total
Sales $500,000 $400,000 $100,000 $1,000,000
Variable costs 300,000 200,000 70,000 570,000
Fixed costs 100,000 100,000 50,000 250,000
Operating income (loss) $100,000 $100,000 $ (20,000) $ 180,000
Management is contemplating the discontinuance of the Restaurant segment since “it is losing money.” If this segment is discontinued, $30,000 of its fixed costs will be eliminated. In addition, Merchandise and Automotive sales will decrease 5% from their current levels. When considering the decision, Whitman’s controller advised that one of the financial aspects Whitman should review is contribution margin. Which one of the following options reflects the current contribution margin ratios for each of Whitman’s business segments?
Retailing Automotive Restaurant
a. 60% 50% 30%.
b. 60% 50% 70%.
c. 40% 50% 70%.
d. 40% 50% 30%.
252. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2d
Capital Company has decided to discontinue a product produced on a machine purchased four years ago at a cost of $70,000. The machine has a current book value of $30,000. Due to technologically improved machinery now available in the marketplace the existing machine has no current salvage value. The company is reviewing the various aspects involved in the production of a new product. The engineering staff advised that the existing machine can be used to produce the new product. Other costs involved in the production of the new product will be materials of $20,000 and labor priced at $5,000.
Ignoring income taxes, the costs relevant to the decision to produce or not to produce the new product would be
a. $25,000.
b. $30,000.
c. $55,000.
d. $95,000.
253. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2d
Reynolds Inc. manufactures several different products, including a premium lawn fertilizer and weed killer that is popular in hot, dry climates. Reynolds is currently operating at less than full capacity because of market saturation for lawn fertilizer. Sales and cost data for a 40-pound bag of Reynolds lawn fertilizer is as follows.
Selling price $18.50
Production cost
Materials and labor $12.25
Variable overhead 3.75
Allocated fixed overhead 4.00 20.00
Income (loss) per bag $(1.50)
On the basis of this information, which one of the following alternatives should be recommended to Reynolds management?
a. Select a different cost driver to allocate its overhead.
b. Drop this product from its product line.
c. Continue to produce and market this product.
d. Increase output and spread fixed overhead over a larger volume base.
254. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2l
Following are the operating results of the two segments of Parklin Corporation.
Segment A Segment B Total
Sales $10,000 $15,000 $25,000
Variable costs of goods sold 4,000 8,500 12,500
Fixed costs of goods sold 1,500 2,500 4,000
Gross margin 4,500 4,000 8,500
Variable selling and administrative 2,000 3,000 5,000
Fixed selling and administrative 1,500 1,500 3,000
Operating income (loss) $ 1,000 $ (500) $ 500
Variable costs of goods sold are directly related to the operating segments. Fixed costs of goods sold are allocated to each segment based on the number of employees. Fixed selling and administrative expenses are allocated equally. If Segment B is eliminated, $1,500 of fixed costs of goods sold would be eliminated. Assuming Segment B is closed, the effect on operating income would be
a. an increase of $500.
b. an increase of $2,000.
c. a decrease of $2,000.
d. a decrease of $2,500.
255. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2d
Grapevine Corporation produces two joint products, JP-1 and JP-2, and a single by-product, BP-1, in Department 2 of its manufacturing plant. JP-1 is subsequently transferred to Department 3 where it is refined into a more expensive, higher-priced product, JP-1R, and a by-product known as BP-2. Recently, Santa Fe Company introduced a product that would compete directly with JP-1R and, as a result, Grapevine must reevaluate its decision to process JP-1 further. The market for JP-1 will not be affected by Santa Fe’s product, and Grapevine plans to continue production of JP-1, even if further processing is terminated. Should this latter action be necessary, Department 3 will be dismantled.
Which of the following items should Grapevine consider in its decision to continue or terminate Department 3 operations?
1. The selling price per pound of JP-1.
2. The total hourly direct labor cost in Department 3.
3. Unit marketing and packaging costs for BP-2.
4. Supervisory salaries of Department 3 personnel who will be transferred elsewhere in the plant, if processing is terminated.
5. Department 2 joint cost allocated to JP-1 and transferred to Department 3.
6. The cost of existing JP-1R inventory.
a. 2, 3, 4.
b. 1, 2, 3.
c. 2, 3, 5 ,6.
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
256. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2l
The Doll House, a very profitable company, plans to introduce a new type of doll to its product line. The sales price and costs for the new dolls are as follows.
Selling price per doll $100
Variable cost per doll $60
Incremental annual fixed costs $456,000
Income tax rate 30%
If 10,000 new dolls are produced and sold, the effect on Doll House’s profit (loss) would be
a. $(176,000).
b. $(56,000).
c. $(39,200).
d. $280,000.
257. CSO: 2C2f LOS: 2C2o
The Furniture Company currently has three divisions: Maple, Oak, and Cherry. The oak furniture line does not seem to be doing well and the president of the company is considering dropping this line. If it is dropped, the revenues associated with the Oak Division will be lost and the related variable costs saved. Also, 50% of the fixed costs allocated to the oak furniture line would be eliminated. The income statements, by divisions, are as follows.
Maple Oak Cherry
Sales $55,000 $85,000 $100,000
Variable Costs 40,000 72,000 82,000
Contribution Margin 15,000 13,000 18,000
Fixed costs 10,000 14,000 10,200
Operating profit (loss) $ 5,000 $(1,000) $ 7,800
Which one of the following options should be recommended to the president of the company?
a. Continue operating the Oak Division as discontinuance would result in a total operating loss of $1,200.
b. Continue operating the Oak Division as discontinuance would result in a $6,000 decline in operating profits.
c. Discontinue the Oak Division which would result in a $1,000 increase in operating profits.
d. Discontinue the Oak Division which would result in a $7,000 increase in operating profits.
258. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2m
Milton Manufacturing occasionally has capacity problems in its metal shaping division, where the chief cost driver is machine hours. In evaluating the attractiveness of its individual products for decision-making purposes, which measurement tool should the firm select?
If machine hours do not If machine hours
constrain the number constrain the number
of units to be produced of units to be produced
a. Contribution margin Contribution margin per machine hour.
b. Gross profit Contribution margin.
c. Contribution margin Contribution margin ratio.
d. Contribution margin per Contribution margin.
machine hour
259. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2m
Elgers Company produces valves for the plumbing industry. Elgers’ per unit sales price and variable costs are as follows.
Sales price $12
Variable costs 8
Elgers’ practical plant capacity is 40,000 units. Elgers’ total fixed costs aggregate $48,000 and it has a 40% effective tax rate. The maximum net profit that Elger can earn is
a. $48,000.
b. $67,200.
c. $96,000.
d. $112,000.
260. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2m
Dayton Corporation manufactures pipe elbows for the plumbing industry. Dayton’s per unit sales price and variable costs are as follows.
Sales price $10
Variable costs 7
Dayton’s practical plant capacity is 35,000 units. Dayton’s total fixed costs amount to $42,000, and the company has a 50% effective tax rate. If Dayton produced and sold 30,000 units, net income would be
a. $24,000.
b. $45,000.
c. $48,000.
d. $90,000.
261. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2m
Raymund Inc., a bearings manufacturer, has the capacity to produce 7,000 bearings per month. The company is planning to replace a portion of its labor intensive production process with a highly automated process, which would increase Raymund’s fixed manufacturing costs by $30,000 per month and reduce its variable costs by $5 per unit.
Raymund’s Income Statement for an average month is as follows.
Sales (5,000 units at $20 per unit) $100,000
Variable manufacturing costs $50,000
Variable selling costs 15,000 65,000
Contribution margin 35,000
Fixed manufacturing costs 16,000
Fixed selling costs 4,000 20,000
Operating income $ 15,000
If Raymund installs the automated process, the company’s monthly operating income would be
a. $5,000.
b. $10,000.
c. $30,000.
d. $40,000.
262. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2m
Phillips and Company produces educational software. Its current unit cost, based upon an anticipated volume of 150,000 units, is as follows.
Selling price $150
Variable costs 60
Contribution margin 90
Fixed costs 60
Operating income 30
Sales for the coming year are estimated at 175,000 units, which is within the relevant range of Phillip’s cost structure. Cost management initiatives are expected to yield a 20% reduction in variable costs and a reduction of $750,000 in fixed costs. Phillip’s cost structure for the coming year will include a
a. per unit contribution margin of $72 and fixed costs of $55.
b. total contribution margin of $15,300,000 and fixed costs of $8,250,000.
c. variable cost ratio of 32% and operating income of $9,600,000.
d. contribution margin ratio of 68% and operating income of $7,050,000.
263. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2d
Cervine Corporation makes two types of motors for use in various products. Operating data and unit cost information for its products are presented below.
Product A Product B
Annual unit capacity 10,000 20,000
Annual unit demand 10,000 20,000
Selling price $100 $80
Variable manufacturing cost 53 45
Fixed manufacturing cost 10 10
Variable selling & administrative 10 11
Fixed selling & administrative 5 4
Fixed other administrative 2 0
Unit operating profit $ 20 $10
Machine hours per unit 2.0 1.5
Cervine has 40,000 productive machine hours available. The relevant contribution margins, per machine hour for each product, to be utilized in making a decision on product priorities for the coming year, are
Product A Product B
a. $17.00 $14.00.
b. $18.50 $16.00.
c. $20.00 $10.00.
d. $37.00 $24.00.
264. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2o
Lark Industries accepted a contract to provide 30,000 units of Product A and 20,000 units of Product B. Lark’s staff developed the following information with regard to meeting this contract.
Product A Product B Total
Selling Price $75 $125
Variable costs $30 $48
Fixed overhead $1,600,000
Machine hours required 3 5
Machine hours available 160,000
Cost if outsourced $45 $60
Lark’s operations manager has identified the following alternatives. Which alternative should be recommended to Lark’s management?
a. Make 30,000 units of Product A, utilize the remaining capacity to make Product B, and outsource the remainder.
b. Make 25,000 units of Product A, utilize the remaining capacity to make Product B, and outsource the remainder.
c. Make 20,000 units of Product A, utilize the remaining capacity to make Product B, and outsource the remainder.
d. Rent additional capacity of 30,000 machine hours which will increase fixed costs by $150,000.
265. CSO: 2C2g LOS: 2C2o
Aspen Company plans to sell 12,000 units of product XT and 8,000 units of product RP. Aspen has a capacity of 12,000 productive machine hours. The unit cost structure and machine hours required for each product is as follows.
Unit Costs XT RP
Materials $37 $24
Direct labor 12 13
Variable overhead 6 3
Fixed overhead 37 38
Machine hours required 1.0 1.5
Aspen can purchase 12,000 units of XT at $60 and/or 8,000 units of RP at $45. Based on the above, which one of the following actions should be recommended to Aspen's management?
a. Produce XT internally and purchase RP.
b. Produce RP internally and purchase XT.
c. Purchase both XT and RP.
d. Produce both XT and RP.
266. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3d
Which one of the following would cause the demand curve for bagels to shift to the left?
a. A decrease in the cost of muffins.
b. An increase in the population.
c. A decrease in the price of bagels.
d. An increase in the supply of bagels.
267. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3d
Which one of the following would cause the demand curve for prepared meals sold in supermarkets to shift to the right?
a. An increase in the price of prepared meals.
b. An increase in consumer income.
c. A decrease in the price of restaurant meals.
d. An increase in the supply of prepared meals.
268. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3n
If the demand for a product is elastic, a price increase will result in
a. no change in total revenue.
b. an increase in total revenue.
c. a decrease in total revenue.
d. an indeterminate change in revenue.
269. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3b
The advantages of incorporating full product costs in pricing decisions include all the following except
a. ease in identifying unit fixed costs with individual products.
b. full product cost recovery.
c. the promotion of price stability.
d. a pricing formula that meets the cost-benefit test; i.e., simplicity.
270. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3p
An economist determined the following market data for a commodity.
Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded
$25 250 750
50 500 500
75 750 250
100 1,000 0
Based on this information, which one of the following statements is correct?
a. In the short-term, there would be excess supply at a price of $40.
b. In the long-run, if producers’ costs per unit decline, then a reasonable market clearing price could be $65.
c. In the short-term, there would be excess demand at a price of $70.
d. In the long-run, if producers’ costs per unit increase, then a reasonable market clearing price could be $70.
271. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3m
If a product’s price elasticity of demand is greater than one, then a 1% price increase will cause the quantity demanded to
a. increase by more than 1%.
b. increase by less than 1%.
c. decrease by less than 1%.
d. decrease by more than 1%.
272. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3o
If the demand for a good is elastic, then a(n)
a. decrease in price will increase total revenue.
b. increase in price will increase total revenue.
c. decrease in price will decrease total revenue.
d. increase in price will have no effect on total revenue.
273. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3c
Leader Industries is planning to introduce a new product, DMA. It is expected that 10,000 units of DMA will be sold. The full product cost per unit is $300. Invested capital for this product amounts to $20 million. Leader’s target rate of return on investment is 20%. The markup percentage for this product, based on operating income as a percentage of full product cost, will be
a. 42.9%.
b. 57.1%.
c. 133.3%.
d. 233.7%.
274. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3b
Which one of the following situations best lends itself to a cost-based pricing approach?
a. A paper manufacturer negotiating the price for supplying copy paper to a new mass merchandiser of office products.
b. An industrial equipment fabricator negotiating pricing for one of its standard models with a major steel manufacturer.
c. A computer component manufacturer debating pricing terms with a customer in a new channel of distribution.
d. A computer component manufacturer debating pricing with a new customer for a made to order, state of the art application.
275. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3r
Basic Computer Company (BCC) sells its microcomputers using bid pricing. It develops its bids on a full cost basis. Full cost includes estimated material, labor, variable overheads, fixed manufacturing overheads, and reasonable incremental computer assembly administrative costs, plus a 10% return on full cost. BCC believes bids in excess of $1,050 per computer are not likely to be considered.
BCC’s current cost structure, based on its normal production levels, is $500 for materials per computer and $20 per labor hour. Assembly and testing of each computer requires 17 labor hours. BCC expects to incur variable manufacturing overhead of $2 per labor hour, fixed manufacturing overhead of $3 per labor hour, and incremental administrative costs of $8 per computer assembled.
BCC has received a request from a school board for 200 computers. Using the full-cost criteria and desired level of return, which one of the following prices should be recommended to BCC’s management for bidding purposes?
a. $874.00.
b. $882.00.
c. $961.40.
d. $1,026.30.
276. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3b
Companies that manufacture made-to-order industrial equipment typically use which one of the following?
a. Cost-based pricing.
b. Market-based pricing.
c. Material-based pricing.
d. Price discrimination.
277. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3b
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of market-based costing?
a. It has a customer-driven external focus.
b. It is used by companies facing stiff competition.
c. It is used by companies facing minimal competition.
d. It starts with a target selling price and target profit.
278. CSO: 2C3b LOS: 2C3c
Almelo Manpower Inc. provides contracted bookkeeping services. Almelo has annual fixed costs of $100,000 and variable costs of $6 per hour. This year the company budgeted 50,000 hours of bookkeeping services. Almelo prices its services at full cost and uses a cost-plus pricing approach. The company developed a billing price of $9 per hour. The company’s mark-up level would be
a. 12.5%.
b. 33.3%.
c. 50.0%.
d. 66.6%.
279. CSO: 2C3c LOS: 2C3j
Fennel Products is using cost-based pricing to determine the selling price for its new product based on the following information.
Annual volume 25,000 units
Fixed costs $700,000 per year
Variable costs $200 per unit
Plant investment $3,000,000
Working capital $1,000,000
Effective tax rate 40%
The target price that Fennell needs to set for the new product to achieve a 15% after-tax return on investment (ROI) would be
a. $228.
b. $238.
c. $258.
d. $268.
280. CSO: 2C3f LOS: 2C3f
A monopoly will maximize profits if it produces an output where marginal cost is
a. less than marginal revenue.
b. greater than marginal revenue.
c. equal to marginal revenue.
d. equal to price.
281. CSO: 2C3f LOS: 2C3f
At the long-run profit maximizing equilibrium of a firm in a perfectly competitive market, all of the following are correct except that
a. price equals marginal cost.
b. price equals average total cost.
c. economic profits are positive.
d. marginal cost equals marginal revenue.
282. CSO: 2C4a LOS: 2C4f
A firm is constructing a risk analysis to quantify the exposure of its data center to various types of threats. Which one of the following situations would represent the highest annual loss exposure after adjustment for insurance proceeds?
Frequency of
Occurrence Loss Insurance
(years) Amount (% coverage)
a. 1 $ 15,000 85.
b. 8 75,000 80.
c. 20 200,000 80.
d. 100 400,000 50.
Section D: Investment Decisions
283. CSO: 2D1a LOS: 2D1a
Capital investment projects include proposals for all of the following except
a. the acquisition of government mandated pollution control equipment.
b. the expansion of existing product offerings.
c. additional research and development facilities.
d. refinancing existing working capital agreements.
284. CSO: 2D1a LOS: 2D1a
Which one of the following items is least likely to directly impact an equipment replacement capital expenditure decision?
a. The net present value of the equipment that is being replaced.
b. The depreciation rate that will be used for tax purposes on the new asset.
c. The amount of additional accounts receivable that will be generated from increased production and sales.
d. The sales value of the asset that is being replaced.
285. CSO: 2D1a LOS: 2D1a
All of the following are methods used to evaluate investments for capital budgeting decisions except
a. accounting rate of return.
b. internal rate of return.
c. excess present value (profitability) index.
d. required rate of return.
286. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Cora Lewis is performing an analysis to determine if her firm should invest in new equipment to produce a product recently developed by her firm. The other option would be to abandon the product. She uses the net present value (NPV) method and discounts at the firm’s cost of capital. Lewis is contemplating how to handle the following items.
I. The book value of warehouse space currently used by another division.
II. Interest payments on debt to finance the equipment.
III. Increased levels of accounts payable and inventory.
IV. R&D spent in prior years and treated as a deferred asset for book and tax purposes.
Which of the above items are relevant for Lewis to consider in determining the cash flows for her NPV calculation?
a. I, II, III and IV.
b. II and III only.
c. III only.
d. IV only.
287. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Wilcox Corporation won a settlement in a law suit and was offered four different payment alternatives by the defendant’s insurance company. A review of interest rates indicates that 8% is appropriate for analyzing this situation. Ignoring any tax considerations, which one of the following four alternatives should the controller recommend to Wilcox management?
a. $135,000 now.
b. $40,000 per year at the end of each of the next four years.
c. $5,000 now and $20,000 per year at the end of each of the next ten years.
d. $5,000 now and $5,000 per year at the end of each of the next nine years, plus a lump-sum payment of $200,000 at the end of the tenth year.
288. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Calvin Inc. is considering the purchase of a new state-of-art machine to replace its hand-operated machine. Calvin’s effective tax rate is 40%, and its cost of capital is 12%. Data regarding the existing and new machines are presented below.
Existing New
Machine Machine
Original cost $50,000 $90,000
Installation costs 0 4,000
Freight and insurance 0 6,000
Expected end salvage value 0 0
Depreciation method straight-line straight-line
Expected useful life 10 years 5 years
The existing machine has been in service for seven years and could be sold currently for $25,000. Calvin expects to realize a before-tax annual reduction in labor costs of $30,000 if the new machine is purchased and placed in service.
If the new machine is purchased, the incremental cash flows for the fifth year would amount to
a. $18,000.
b. $24,000.
c. $26,000.
d. $30,000.
289. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Olson Industries needs to add a small plant to accommodate a special contract to supply building materials over a five year period. The required initial cash outlays at Time 0 are as follows.
Land $ 500,000
New building 2,000,000
Equipment 3,000,000
Olson uses straight-line depreciation for tax purposes and will depreciate the building over 10 years and the equipment over 5 years. Olson’s effective tax rate is 40%.
Revenues from the special contract are estimated at $1.2 million annually, and cash expenses are estimated at $300,000 annually. At the end of the fifth year, the assumed sales values of the land and building are $800,000 and $500,000, respectively. It is further assumed the equipment will be removed at a cost of $50,000 and sold for $300,000.
As Olson utilizes the net present value (NPV) method to analyze investments, the net cash flow for period 3 would be
a. $60,000.
b. $860,000.
c. $880,000.
d. $940,000.
290. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
The following schedule reflects the incremental costs and revenues for a capital project. The company uses straight-line depreciation. The interest expense reflects an allocation of interest on the amount of this investment, based on the company’s weighted average cost of capital.
Revenues $650,000
Direct costs $270,000
Variable overhead 50,000
Fixed overhead 20,000
Depreciation 70,000
General & administrative 40,000
Interest expense 8,000
Total costs 458,000
Net profit before taxes $192,000
The annual cash flow from this investment, before tax considerations, would be
a. $192,000.
b. $200,000.
c. $262,000.
d. $270,000.
291. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Kell Inc. is analyzing an investment for a new product expected to have annual sales of 100,000 units for the next 5 years and then be discontinued. New equipment will be purchased for $1,200,000 and cost $300,000 to install. The equipment will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 5 years for financial reporting purposes and 3 years for tax purposes. At the end of the fifth year, it will cost $100,000 to remove the equipment, which can be sold for $300,000. Additional working capital of $400,000 will be required immediately and needed for the life of the product. The product will sell for $80, with direct labor and material costs of $65 per unit. Annual indirect costs will increase by $500,000. Kell’s effective tax rate is 40%.
In a capital budgeting analysis, what is the expected cash flow at time = 5 (fifth year of operations) that Kell should use to compute the net present value?
a. $720,000.
b. $800,000.
c. $1,120,000.
d. $1,240,000.
292. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Kell Inc. is analyzing an investment for a new product expected to have annual sales of 100,000 units for the next 5 years and then be discontinued. New equipment will be purchased for $1,200,000 and cost $300,000 to install. The equipment will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 5 years for financial reporting purposes and 3 years for tax purposes. At the end of the fifth year, it will cost $100,000 to remove the equipment, which can be sold for $300,000. Additional working capital of $400,000 will be required immediately and needed for the life of the product. The product will sell for $80, with direct labor and material costs of $65 per unit. Annual indirect costs will increase by $500,000. Kell’s effective tax rate is 40%.
In a capital budgeting analysis, what is the cash outflow at time 0 (initial investment) that Kell should use to compute the net present value?
a. $1,300,000.
b. $1,500,000.
c. $1,700,000.
d. $1,900,000.
293. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Colvern Corporation is considering the acquisition of a new computer-aided machine tool to replace an existing, outdated model. Relevant information includes the following.
Projected annual cash savings $28,400
Annual depreciation - new machine 16,000
Annual depreciation - old machine 1,600
Income tax rate 40%
Annual after-tax cash flows for the project would amount to
a. $5,600.
b. $7,440.
c. $17,040.
d. $22,800.
294. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Skytop Industries is analyzing a capital investment project using discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. The new equipment will cost $250,000. Installation and transportation costs aggregating $25,000 will be capitalized. A five year MACRS depreciation schedule (20%, 32%, 19.2%, 11.52%, 11.52%, 5.76%) with the half-year convention will be employed. Existing equipment, with a book value of $100,000 and an estimated market value of $80,000, will be sold immediately after installation of the new equipment. Annual incremental pre-tax cash inflows are estimated at $75,000. Skytop’s effective income tax rate is 40%. After-tax cash flow for the first year of the project would amount to
a. $45,000.
b. $52,000.
c. $67,000.
d. $75,000.
295. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Skytop Industries is analyzing a capital investment project using discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. The new equipment will cost $250,000. Installation and transportation costs aggregating $25,000 will be capitalized. Existing equipment will be sold immediately after installation of the new equipment. The existing equipment has a tax basis of $100,000 and an estimated market value of $80,000. Skytop estimates that the new equipment’s capacity will generate additional receivables and inventory of $30,000, while payables will increase by $15,000. Annual incremental pre-tax cash inflows are estimated at $75,000. Skytop’s effective income tax rate is 40%. Total after-tax cash outflows occurring in Year 0 would be
a. $177,000.
b. $182,000.
c. $198,000.
d. $202,000.
296. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Mintz Corporation is considering the acquisition of a new technologically efficient packaging machine at a cost of $300,000. The equipment requires an immediate, fully recoverable, investment in working capital of $40,000. Mintz plans to use the machine for five years, is subject to a 40% income tax rate, and uses a 12% hurdle rate when analyzing capital investments. The company employs the net present value method (NPV) to analyze projects.
The overall impact of the working capital investment on Mintz’s NPV analysis is
a. $(10,392).
b. $(13,040).
c. $(17,320).
d. $(40,000).
297. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
In estimating "after-tax incremental cash flows," under discounted cash flow analyses for capital project evaluations, which one of the following options reflects the items that should be included in the analyses?
Project related changes Estimated impacts
Sunk Costs in net working capital of inflation
a. No No Yes
b. No Yes Yes
c. No Yes No
d. Yes No No
298. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
AGC Company is considering an equipment upgrade. AGC uses discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis in evaluating capital investments and has an effective tax rate of 40%. Selected data developed by AGC is as follows.
Existing New
Equipment Equipment
Original cost $50,000 $95,000
Accumulated depreciation 45,000 -
Current market value 3,000 95,000
Accounts receivable 6,000 8,000
Accounts payable 2,100 2,500
Based on this information, what is the initial investment for a DCF analysis of this proposed upgrade?
a. $92,400.
b. $92,800.
c. $95,800.
d. $96,200.
299. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Calvin Inc. is considering the purchase of a new state-of-art machine to replace its hand-operated machine. Calvin's effective tax rate is 40%, and its cost of capital is 12%. Data regarding the existing and new machines are presented below.
Existing New
Machine Machine
Original cost $50,000 $90,000
Installation cost 0 4,000
Freight and insurance 0 6,000
Expected end salvage value 0 0
Depreciation method straight-line straight-line
Expected useful life 10 years 5 years
The existing machine has been in service for seven years and could be sold currently for $25,000. If the new machine is purchased Calvin expects to realize a $30,000 before-tax annual reduction in labor costs.
If the new machine is purchased, what is the net amount of the initial cash outflow at Time 0 for net present value calculation purposes?
a. $65,000.
b. $75,000.
c. $79,000.
d. $100,000.
300. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Olson Industries needs to add a small plant to accommodate a special contract to supply building materials over a five year period. The required initial cash outlays at Time 0 are as follows.
Land $ 500,000
New building 2,000,000
Equipment 3,000,000
Olson uses straight-line depreciation for tax purposes and will depreciate the building over 10 years and the equipment over 5 years. Olson’s effective tax rate is 40%.
Revenues from the special contract are estimated at $1.2 million annually and cash expenses are estimated at $300,000 annually. At the end of the fifth year, the assumed sales values of the land and building are $800,000 and $500,000, respectively. It is further assumed the equipment will be removed at a cost of $50,000 and sold for $300,000.
As Olson utilizes the net present value (NPV) method to analyze investments, the net cash flow for period 5 would be`
a. $1,710,000.
b. $2,070,000.
c. $2,230,000.
d. $2,390,000.
301. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
In discounted cash flow techniques, which one of the following alternatives best reflects the items to be incorporated in the initial net cash investment?
Net proceeds
Capitalized from sale of Impact of
expenditures old asset in spontaneous
(e.g., shipping Changes in net a replacement changes in
costs) working capital decision current liabilities
a. No Yes Yes Yes.
b. Yes No No No.
c. No Yes No No.
d. Yes Yes Yes Yes.
302. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Calvin Inc. is considering the purchase of a new state-of-art machine to replace its hand-operated machine. Calvin's effective tax rate is 40%, and its cost of capital is 12%. Data regarding the existing and new machines are presented below.
Existing New
Machine Machine
Original cost $50,000 $90,000
Installation costs 0 4,000
Freight and insurance 0 6,000
Expected end salvage value 0 0
Depreciation method straight-line straight-line
Expected useful life 10 years 5 years
The existing machine has been in service for five years and could be sold currently for $25,000. Calvin expects to realize annual before-tax reductions in labor costs of $30,000 if the new machine is purchased and placed in service.
If the new machine is purchased, the incremental cash flows for the first year would amount to
a. $18,000.
b. $24,000.
c. $30,000.
d. $45,000.
303. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1f
The owner of Woofie’s Video Rental cannot decide how to project the real costs of opening a rental store in a new shopping mall. The owner knows the capital investment required but is not sure of the returns from a store in a new mall. Historically, the video rental industry has had an inflation rate equal to the economic norm. The owner requires a real internal rate of return of 10%. Inflation is expected to be 3% during the next few years. The industry expects a new store to show a growth rate, without inflation, of 8%. First year revenues at the new store are expected to be $400,000.
The revenues for the second year, using both the real rate approach and the nominal rate approach, respectively, would be
a. $432,000 real and $444,960 nominal.
b. $432,000 real and $452,000 nominal.
c. $440,000 real and $452,000 nominal.
d. $440,000 real and $453,200 nominal.
304. CSO: 2D1b LOS: 2D1b
Kell Inc. is analyzing an investment for a new product expected to have annual sales of 100,000 units for the next 5 years and then be discontinued. New equipment will be purchased for $1,200,000 and cost $300,000 to install. The equipment will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 5 years for financial reporting purposes and 3 years for tax purposes. At the end of the fifth year, it will cost $100,000 to remove the equipment, which can be sold for $300,000. Additional working capital of $400,000 will be required immediately and needed for the life of the product. The product will sell for $80, with direct labor and material costs of $65 per unit. Annual indirect costs will increase by $500,000. Kell’s effective tax rate is 40%.
In a capital budgeting analysis, what is the expected cash flow at time = 3 (3rd year of operation) that Kell should use to compute the net present value?
a. $300,000.
b. $720,000.
c. $760,000.
d. $800,000.
305. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
Sarah Birdsong has prepared a net present value (NPV) analysis for a 15-year equipment modernization program. Her initial calculations include a series of depreciation tax savings, which are then discounted. Birdsong is now considering the incorporation of inflation into the NPV analysis. If the depreciation tax savings were based on original equipment cost, which of the following options correctly shows how she should handle the program's cash operating costs and the firm's required rate return, respectively?
Cash Operating Costs Required Rate of Return
a. Adjust for inflation Adjust for inflation.
b. Adjust for inflation Do not adjust for inflation.
c. Do not adjust for inflation Adjust for inflation.
d. Do not adjust for inflation Do not adjust for inflation.
306. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
Regis Company, which is subject to an effective income tax rate of 30%, is evaluating a proposed capital project. Relevant information for the proposed project is summarized below.
Initial investment $500,000
Annual operating cash inflows
for the first three years.
Year 1 185,000
Year 2 175,000
Year 3 152,000
Depreciation will be calculated under the straight-line method using an 8-year estimated service life and a terminal value of $50,000. In determining the estimated total after-tax cash flow in Year 2 of the project, Regis should consider the after-tax operating cash
a. inflow only.
b. inflow plus annual depreciation expense.
c. inflow plus annual depreciation tax shield.
d. inflow plus the net impact of the annual depreciation expense and depreciation tax shield.
307. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
For each of the next six years Atlantic Motors anticipates net income of $10,000, straight-line tax depreciation of $20,000, a 40% tax rate, a discount rate of 10%, and cash sales of $100,000. The depreciable assets are all being acquired at the beginning of year 1 and will have a salvage value of zero at the end of six years.
The present value of the total depreciation tax savings would be
a. $8,000.
b. $27, 072.
c. $34,840.
d. $87,100.
308. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
Webster Products is performing a capital budgeting analysis on a new product it is considering. Annual sales are expected to be 50,000 units in the first year, 100,000 units in the second year, and 125,000 units the year thereafter. Selling price will be $80 in the first year and is expected to decrease by 5% per year. Annual costs are forecasted as follows.
Fixed costs $300,000 each year
Labor cost per unit $20 in year 1, increasing 5% per year, thereafter
Material cost per unit $30 in year 1, increasing 10% per year, thereafter
The investment of $2 million will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 4 years for financial reporting and tax purposes. Webster’s effective tax rate is 40%. When calculating net present value (NPV), the net cash flow for year 3 would be
a. $558,750.
b. $858,750.
c. $1,058,750.
d. $1,070,000.
309. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
Skytop Industries is analyzing a capital investment project using discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. The new equipment will cost $250,000. Installation and transportation costs aggregating $25,000 will be capitalized. The appropriate five year depreciation schedule (20%, 32%, 19%, 14.5%, 14.5%) will be employed with no terminal value factored into the computations. Annual incremental pre-tax cash inflows are estimated at $75,000. Skytop’s effective income tax rate is 40%. Assuming the machine is sold at the end of Year 5 for $30,000, the after-tax cash flow for Year 5 of the project would amount to
a. $63,950.
b. $72,950.
c. $78,950.
d. $86,925.
310. CSO: 2D1c LOS: 2D1c
Fuller Industries is considering a $1 million investment in stamping equipment to produce a new product. The equipment is expected to last nine years, produce revenue of $700,000 per year, and have related cash expenses of $450,000 per year. At the end of the 9th year, the equipment is expected to have a salvage value of $100,000 and cost $50,000 to remove. The IRS categorizes this as 5-year Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) property subject to the following depreciation rates.
Year Rate
1 20.00%
2 32.00%
3 19.20%
4 11.52%
5 11.52%
6 5.76%
Fuller’s effective income tax rate is 40% and Fuller expects, on an overall company basis, to continue to be profitable and have significant taxable income. If Fuller uses the net present value method to analyze investments, what is the expected net tax impact on cash flow in Year 2 before discounting?
a. Tax benefit of $28,000.
b. $0.
c. Negative $100,000.
d. Negative $128,000.
311. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2a
The net present value of an investment project represents the
a. total actual cash inflows minus the total actual cash outflows.
b. excess of the discounted cash inflows over the discounted cash outflows.
c. total after-tax cash flow including the tax shield from depreciation.
d. cumulative accounting profit over the life of the project.
312. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Kunkle Products is analyzing whether or not to invest in equipment to manufacture a new product. The equipment will cost $1 million, is expected to last 10 years, and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis for both financial reporting and tax purposes. Kunkle’s effective tax rate is 40%, and its hurdle rate is 14%. Other information concerning the project is as follows.
Sales per year = 10,000 units
Selling price = $100 per unit
Variable cost = $70 per unit
A 10% reduction in variable costs would result in the net present value increasing by approximately
a. $156.000.
b. $219,000.
c. $365,000.
d. $367,000.
313. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Allstar Company invests in a project with expected cash inflows of $9,000 per year for four years. All cash flows occur at year-end. The required return on investment is 9%. If the project generates a net present value (NPV) of $3,000, what is the amount of the initial investment in the project?
a. $11,253.
b. $13,236.
c. $26,160.
d. $29,160.
314. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Smithco is considering the acquisition of scanning equipment to mechanize its procurement process. The equipment will require extensive testing and debugging, as well as user training prior to its operational use. Projected after-tax cash flows are shown below.
Time Period After-Tax Cash
Year Inflow/(Outflow)
0 $(550,000)
1 $(500,000)
2 $450,000
3 $350,000
4 $350,000
5 $350,000
Management anticipates the equipment will be sold at the beginning of year 6 for $50,000 when its book value is zero. Smithco’s internal hurdle and effective tax rates are 14% and 40%, respectively. The project’s net present value would be
a. $(1,780).
b. $(6,970).
c. $(17,350).
d. $8,600.
315. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2a
An investment decision is acceptable if the
a. net present value is greater than or equal to $0.
b. present value of cash inflows is less than the present value of cash outflows.
c. present value of cash outflows is greater than or equal to $0.
d. present value of cash inflows is greater than or equal to $0.
316. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Verla Industries is trying to decide which one of the following two options to pursue. Either option will take effect on January 1st of the next year.
Option One - Acquire a New Finishing Machine.
The cost of the machine is $1,000,000 and will have a useful life of five years. Net pre-tax cash flows arising from savings in labor costs will amount to $100,000 per year for five years. Depreciation expense will be calculated using the straight-line method for both financial and tax reporting purposes. As an incentive to purchase, Verla will receive a trade-in allowance of $50,000 on their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Option Two - Outsource the Finishing Work.
Verla can outsource the work to LM Inc. at a cost of $200,000 per year for five years. If they outsource, Verla will scrap their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Verla’s effective income tax rate is 40%. The weighted-average cost of capital is 10%.
The net present value of outsourcing the finishing work is
a. $303,280 net cash outflow.
b. $404,920 net cash outflow.
c. $454,920 net cash outflow.
d. $758,200 net cash outflow.
317. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Long Inc. is analyzing a $1 million investment in new equipment to produce a product with a $5 per unit margin. The equipment will last 5 years, be depreciated on a straight-line basis for tax purposes, and have no value at the end of its life. A study of unit sales produced the following data.
Annual
Unit Sales Probability
80,000 .10
85,000 .20
90,000 .30
95,000 .20
100,000 .10
110,000 .10
If Long utilizes a 12% hurdle rate and is subject to a 40% effective income tax rate, the expected net present value of the project would be
a. $261,750.
b. $283,380.
c. $297,800.
d. $427,580.
318. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Fred Kratz just completed a capital investment analysis for the acquisition of new material handling equipment. The equipment is expected to cost $1,000,000 and be used for eight years. Kratz reviewed the net present value (NPV) analysis with Bill Dolan, Vice President of Finance. The analysis shows that the tax shield for this investment has a positive NPV of $200,000, using the firm’s hurdle rate of 20%. Dolan noticed that 8 year straight-line depreciation was used for tax purposes but, since this equipment qualifies for 3-year MACRS treatment, the tax shield analysis should be revised. The company has an effective tax rate of 40%. The MACRS rates for 3-year property are as follows.
Year Rate
1 33.33%
2 44.45%
3 14.81%
4 7.41%
Accordingly, the revised NPV for the tax shield (rounded to the nearest thousand) should be
a. $109,000.
b. $192,000.
c. $283,000.
d. $425,000.
319. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2c
Dobson Corp. is analyzing a capital investment requiring a cash outflow at Time 0 of $2.5 million and net cash inflows of $800,000 per year for 5 years. The net present value (NPV) was calculated to be $384,000 at a 12% discount rate. Since several managers felt this was a risky project, three separate scenarios were analyzed, as follows.
• Scenario R - The annual cash inflows were reduced by 10%.
• Scenario S - The discount rate was changed to 18%.
• Scenario T - The cash inflow in year 5 was reduced to zero.
Rank the three individual scenarios in the order of the effect on NPV, from least effect to greatest effect.
a. R, S, T.
b. R, T, S.
c. S, T, R.
d. T, S, R.
320. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2g
Ironside Products is considering two independent projects, each requiring a cash outlay of $500,000 and having an expected life of 10 years. The forecasted annual net cash inflows for each project and the probability distributions for these cash inflows are as follows.
Project R Project S
Probabilities Cash Inflows Probabilities Cash Inflows
0.10 $ 75,000 0.25 $ 70,000
0.80 95,000 0.50 110,000
0.10 115,000 0.25 150,000
Ironside has decided that the project with the greatest relative risk should meet a hurdle rate of 16% and the project with less risk should meet a hurdle rate of 12%. Given these parameters, which of the following actions should be recommended for Ironside to undertake?
a. Reject both projects.
b. Accept Project R and reject Project S.
c. Reject Project R and accept Project S.
d. Accept both projects.
321. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2g
Logan Enterprises is at a critical decision point and must decide whether to go out of business or continue to operate for five more years. Logan has a labor contract with five years remaining which calls for $1.5 million in severance pay if Logan’s plant shuts down. The firm also has a contract to supply 150,000 units per year, at a price of $100 each, to Dill Inc. for the next five years. Dill is Logan’s only remaining customer. Logan must pay Dill $500,000 immediately if it defaults on the contract. The plant has a net book value of $600,000, and appraisers estimate the facility would sell for $750,000 today but would have no market value if operated for another five years. Logan’s fixed costs are $4 million per year, and variable costs are $75 per unit. Logan’s appropriate discount rate is 12%. Ignoring taxes, the optimal decision is to
a. shut down because the annual cash flow is negative $250,000 per year.
b. keep operating to avoid the severance pay of $1,500,000.
c. shut down since the breakeven point is 160,000 units while annual sales are 150,000 units.
d. keep operating since the incremental net present value is approximately $350,000.
322. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Foster Manufacturing is analyzing a capital investment project that is forecasted to produce the following cash flows and net income.
After-Tax Net
Years Cash Flows Income
0 $(20,000) $ 0
1 6,000 2,000
2 6,000 2,000
3 8,000 2,000
4 8,000 2,000
If Foster’s cost of capital is 12%, the net present value for this project is
a. $(1,600).
b. $924.
c. $6,074.
d. $6,998.
323. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Lunar Inc. is considering the purchase of a machine for $500,000 which will last 5 years. A financial analysis is being developed using the following information.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Unit sales 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
Selling price per unit $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100
Variable cost per unit 65 65 65 65 65
Fixed costs 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000
Pre-tax cash flow 50,000 50,000 400,000 400,000 400,000
The machine will be depreciated over 5 years on a straight-line basis for tax purposes and Lunar is subject to a 40% effective income tax rate. Assuming Lunar will have significant taxable income from other lines of business, and using a 20% discount rate, the net present value of the project would be
a. $(282,470).
b. $(103,070).
c. $(14,010).
d. $16,530.
324. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Parker Industries is analyzing a $200,000 equipment investment to produce a new product for the next 5 years. A study of expected annual after-tax cash flows from the project produced the following data.
Annual
After-Tax
Cash Flow Probability
$45,000 .10
50,000 .20
55,000 .30
60,000 .20
65,000 .10
70,000 .10
If Parker utilizes a 14% hurdle rate, the probability of achieving a positive net present value is
a. 20%.
b. 30%.
c. 40%.
d. 60%.
325. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2g
Staten Corporation is considering two mutually exclusive projects. Both require an initial outlay of $150,000 and will operate for five years. The cash flows associated with these projects are as follows.
Year Project X Project Y
1 $ 47,000 $ 0
2 47,000 0
3 47,000 0
4 47,000 0
5 47,000 280,000
Total $235,000 $280,000
Staten’s required rate of return is 10 percent. Using the net present value method, which one of the following actions would you recommend to Staten?
a. Accept Project X, and reject Project Y.
b. Accept Project Y, and reject Project X.
c. Accept Projects X and Y.
d. Reject Projects X and Y.
326. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2b
Verla Industries is trying to decide which one of the following two options to pursue. Either option will take effect on January 1st of the next year.
Option One - Acquire a New Finishing Machine.
The cost of the machine is $1,000,000 and will have a useful life of five years. Net pre-tax cash flows arising from savings in labor costs will amount to $100,000 per year for five years. Depreciation expense will be calculated using the straight-line method for both financial and tax reporting purposes. As an incentive to purchase, Verla will receive a trade-in allowance of $50,000 on their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Option Two - Outsource the Finishing Work.
Verla can outsource the work to LM Inc. at a cost of $200,000 per year for five years. If they outsource, Verla will scrap their current fully depreciated finishing machine.
Verla’s effective income tax rate is 40%. The weighted-average cost of capital is 10%.
The net present value of acquiring the new finishing machine is
a. $229,710 net cash outflow.
b. $267,620 net cash outflow.
c. $369,260 net cash outflow.
d. $434,424 net cash outflow.
327. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2g
Stennet Company is considering two mutually exclusive projects. The company’s cost of capital is 10%. The net present value (NPV) profiles of the two projects are as follows.
Discount Rate Net Present Value $(000)
(percent) Project A Project B
0 $2,220 $1,240
10 681 507
12 495 411
14 335 327
16 197 252
18 77 186
20 (26) 128
22 (115) 76
24 (193) 30
26 (260) (11)
28 (318) (47)
The company president is of the view that Project B should be accepted because it has the higher internal rate of return (IRR). The president requested John Mack, the CFO, to make a recommendation. Which one of the following options should Mack recommend to the president?
a. Agree with the president.
b. Accept Project A because it has an IRR higher than that of Project B.
c. Accept both Projects A and B as the IRR for each project is greater than cost of capital.
d. Accept Project A because at a 10% discount rate it has an NPV that is greater than that of Project B.
328. CSO: 2D2a LOS: 2D2g
Winston Corporation is subject to a 30% effective income tax rate and uses the net present value method to evaluate capital budgeting proposals. Harry Ralston, the capital budget manager, desires to improve the appeal of a marginally attractive proposal. To accomplish his goal, which one of the following actions should be recommended to Ralston?
a. Postpone a fully-deductible major overhaul from year 4 to year 5.
b. Decrease the project’s estimated terminal salvage value.
c. Immediately pay the proposal’s marketing program in its entirety rather than pay in five equal installments.
d. Adjust the project’s discount rate to reflect movement of the project from a “low risk” category to an “average risk” category.
329. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2d
Which of the following is not a shortcoming of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method?
a. IRR assumes that funds generated from a project will be reinvested at an interest rate equal to the project’s IRR.
b. IRR does not take into account the difference in the scale of investment alternatives.
c. IRR is easier to visualize and interpret than net present value (NPV).
d. Sign changes in the cash flow stream can generate more than one IRR.
330. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2a
A company is in the process of evaluating a major product line expansion. Using a 14% discount rate, the firm has calculated the present value of both the project’s cash inflows and cash outflows to be $15.8 million. The company will likely evaluate this project further by
a. taking a closer look at the expansion’s contribution margin.
b. comparing the internal rate of return versus the accounting rate of return.
c. comparing the internal rate of return versus the company’s cost of capital.
d. comparing the internal rate of return versus the company’s cost of capital and hurdle rate.
331. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2g
Hobart Corporation evaluates capital projects using a variety of performance screens; including a hurdle rate of 16%, payback period of 3 years or less, and an accounting rate of return of 20% or more. Management is completing review of a project on the basis of the following projections.
• Capital investment $200,000
• Annual cash flows $74,000
• Straight-line depreciation 5 years
• Terminal value $20,000
The projected internal rate of return is 20%. Which one of the following alternatives reflects the appropriate conclusions for the indicated evaluative measures?
Internal Rate
of Return Payback
a. Accept Reject.
b. Reject Reject.
c. Accept Accept.
d. Reject Accept.
332. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2g
Diane Harper, Vice President of Finance for BGN Industries, is reviewing material prepared by her staff prior to the board of directors meeting at which she must recommend one of four mutually exclusive options for a new product line. The summary information below indicates the initial investment required, the present value of cash inflows (excluding the initial investment) at BGN’s hurdle rate of 16%, and the internal rate of return (IRR) for each of the four options.
Present Value of
Option Investment Cash Inflows at 16% IRR
X $3,950,000 $3,800,000 15.5%
Y 3,000,000 3,750,000 19.0%
Z 2,000,000 2,825,000 17.5%
W 800,000 1,100,000 18.0%
If there are no capital rationing constraints, which option should Harper recommend?
a. Option X.
b. Option Y.
c. Option Z.
d. Option W.
333. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2a
If the present value of expected cash inflows from a project equals the present value of expected cash outflows, the discount rate is the
a. payback rate.
b. internal rate of return.
c. accounting rate of return.
d. net present value rate.
334. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2b
The net present value profiles of projects A and B are as follows.
Discount Rate Net Present Value $(000)
(percent) Project A Project B
0 $2,220 $1,240
10 681 507
12 495 411
14 335 327
16 197 252
18 77 186
20 (26) 128
22 (115) 76
24 (193) 30
26 (260) (11)
28 (318) (47)
The approximate internal rates of return for Projects A and B, respectively, are
a. 0% and 0%.
b. 19.0% and 21.5%.
c. 19.5% and 25.5%.
d. 20.5% and 26.5%.
335. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2a
For a given investment project, the interest rate at which the present value of the cash inflows equals the present value of the cash outflows is called the
a. hurdle rate.
b. payback rate.
c. internal rate of return.
d. cost of capital.
336. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2b
Two mutually exclusive capital expenditure projects have the following characteristics.
Project A Project B
Investment $100,000 $150,000
Net cash inflow - Year 1 40,000 80,000
Year 2 50,000 70,000
Year 3 60,000 60,000
All cash flows are received at the end of the year. Based on this information, which one of the following statements is not correct?
a. The net present value of Project A at a cost of capital of 10% is $22,720.
b. The net present value of Project B at a cost of capital of 12% is $19,950.
c. The internal rate of return of Project B is greater than the internal rate of return of Project A.
d. The payback years for Project A is greater than the payback years for Project B.
337. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2b
Jenson Copying Company is planning to buy a coping machine costing $25,310. The net present values (NPV) of this investment, at various discount rates, are as follows.
Discount Rate NPV
4% $2,440
6% $1,420
8% $ 460
10% ($ 440)
Jenson’s approximate internal rate of return on this investment is
a. 6%.
b. 8%.
c. 9%.
d. 10%.
338. CSO: 2D2b LOS: 2D2b
Foster Manufacturing is analyzing a capital investment project that is forecasted to produce the following cash flows and net income.
After Tax Net
Year Cash-Flows Income
0 $(20,000) $ 0
1 6,000 2,000
2 6,000 2,000
3 8,000 2,000
4 8,000 2,000
The internal rate of return (rounded to the nearest whole percentage) is
a. 5%.
b. 12%.
c. 14%.
d. 40%.
339. CSO: 2D2c LOS: 2D2a
The following methods are used to evaluate capital investment projects.
• Internal rate of return
• Average rate of return
• Payback
• Net present value
Which one of the following correctly identifies the methods that utilize discounted cash-flow (DCF) techniques?
Internal Rate Average Rate Net Present
of Return of Return Payback Value
a. Yes Yes No No.
b. No No Yes Yes.
c. Yes No Yes No.
d. Yes No No Yes.
340. CSO: 2D2c LOS: 2D2c
Molar Inc. is evaluating three independent projects for the expansion of different product lines. The Finance Department has performed an extensive analysis of each project and the chief financial officer has indicated that there is no capital rationing in effect. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. Reject any project with a payback period which is shorter than the company standard.
II. The project with the highest internal rate of return (IRR) exceeding the hurdle rate should be selected and the others rejected.
III. All projects with positive net present values should be selected.
IV. Molar should reject any projects with negative IRRs.
a. I, II and IV only.
b. I, II, III and IV.
c. II and III only.
d. III and IV only.
341. CSO: 2D2c LOS: 2D2c
Jones & Company is considering the acquisition of scanning equipment to mechanize its procurement process. The equipment will require extensive testing and debugging as well as user training prior to its operational use. Projected after-tax cash flows are as follows.
Time Period After-Tax Cash
Year Inflow/(Outflow)
0 $(600,000)
1 (500,000)
2 450,000
3 450,000
4 350,000
5 250,000
Management anticipates the equipment will be sold at the beginning of Year 6 for $50,000 and its book value will be zero. Jones’ internal hurdle and effective income tax rates are 14% and 40%, respectively. Based on this information, a negative net present value was computed for the project. Accordingly, it can be concluded that
a. the project has an internal rate of return (IRR) less than 14% since IRR is the interest rate at which net present value is equal to zero.
b. Jones should examine the determinants of its hurdle rate further before analyzing any other potential projects.
c. Jones should calculate the project payback to determine if it is consistent with the net present value calculation.
d. the project has an IRR greater than 14% since IRR is the interest rate at which net present value is equal to zero.
342. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3a
Foggy Products is evaluating two mutually exclusive projects, one requiring a $4 million initial outlay and the other a $6 million outlay. The Finance Department has performed an extensive analysis of each project. The chief financial officer has indicated that there is no capital rationing in effect. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. Both projects should be rejected if their payback periods are longer than the company standard.
II. The project with the highest Internal Rate of Return (IRR) should be selected (assuming both IRRs exceed the hurdle rate).
III. The project with the highest positive net present value should be selected.
IV. Select the project with the smaller initial investment, regardless of which evaluation method is used.
a. I, II, and IV only.
b. I, II and III only.
c. I and III only.
d. II and III only.
343. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3a
Despite its shortcomings, the traditional payback period continues to be a popular method to evaluate investments because, in part, it
a. provides some insight into the risk associated with a project.
b. ignores the time value of money.
c. focuses on income rather than cash flow.
d. furnishes information about an investment’s lifetime performance.
344. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3b
Which one of the following is not a shortcoming of the payback method?
a. It offers no consideration of cash flows beyond the expiration of the payback period.
b. It ignores the time value of money.
c. It offers no indication of a project’s liquidity.
d. It encourages establishing a short payback period.
345. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3c
Quint Company uses the payback method as part of its analysis of capital investments. One of its projects requires a $140,000 investment and has the following projected before-tax cash flows.
Year 1 $60,000
Year 2 60,000
Year 3 60,000
Year 4 80,000
Year 5 80,000
Quint has an effective 40% tax rate. Based on these data, the after-tax payback period is
a. 1.5.
b. 2.3.
c. 3.4.
d. 3.7.
346. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3c
Foster Manufacturing is analyzing a capital investment project that is forecasted to produce the following cash flows and net income.
After-Tax Net
Year Cash flow Income
0 ($20,000) $ 0
1 6,000 2,000
2 6,000 2,000
3 8,000 2,000
4 8,000 2,000
The payback period of this project will be
a. 2.5 years.
b. 2.6 years.
c. 3.0 years.
d. 3.3 years.
347. CSO: 2D3a LOS: 2D3c
Smithco is considering the acquisition of scanning equipment to mechanize its procurement process. The equipment will require extensive testing and debugging, as well as user training prior to its operational use. Projected after-tax cash flows are shown below.
Time Period After-Tax Cash
Year Inflow/(Outflow)
0 $(550,000)
1 $(500,000)
2 $450,000
3 $350,000
4 $250,000
5 $150,000
Management anticipates the equipment will be sold at the beginning of year 6 for $50,000 when its book value is zero. Smithco’s internal hurdle and effective tax rates are 14% and 40%, respectively. The project’s payback period will be
a. 2.3 years.
b. 3.0 years.
c. 3.5 years.
d. 4.0 years.
348. CSO: 2D4a LOS: 2D4c
Which one of the following capital budgeting techniques would always result in the same investment decision for a project as the net present value method?
a. Discounted Payback.
b. Internal Rate of Return.
c. Profitability Index.
d. Accounting Rate of Return.
349. CSO: 2D4a LOS: 2D4c
In evaluating independent capital investment projects, the best reason for a firm to accept such projects is a(n)
a. accounting rate of return greater than zero.
b. initial investment greater than the present value of cash inflows.
c. profitability index greater that one.
d. internal rate of return greater than the accounting rate of return.
350. CSO: 2D4b LOS: 2D4c
Carbide Inc. has the following investment opportunities. Required investment outlays and the profitability index for each of these investments are as follows.
Project Investment Cost Profitability Index
I $300,000 0.5
II 450,000 1.4
III 650,000 1.8
IV 750,000 1.6
Carbide’s budget ceiling for initial outlays during the present period is $1,500,000. The proposed projects are independent of each other. Which project or projects would you recommend that Carbide accept?
a. III.
b. III and IV.
c. I, II, and IV.
d. I, III, and IV.
351. CSO: 2D4b LOS: 2D4c
Lewis Services is evaluating six investment opportunities (projects). The following table reflects each project’s net present value (NPV) and the respective initial investments required. All of these projects are independent.
Project NPV Investment
R $ 5,000 $10,000
S 5,000 5,000
T 8,000 40,000
U 15,000 60,000
V 15,000 75,000
W 3,000 15,000
Lewis has an investment constraint of $100,000. Which combination of projects would represent the optimal investment that should be recommended to Lewis Services’ management?
a. R, S, U and W.
b. R, V and W.
c. R, S and V.
d. T and U.
352. CSO: 2D4b LOS: 2D4c
Zinx Corporation has a maximum of $5,000,000 available for investments. The company has identified the following investment options.
Discounted
Project Investment Cash Flow
I $2,800,000 $3,360,000
II 1,500,000 1,720,000
III 2,300,000 2,617,000
IV 1,200,000 1,368,000
V 800,000 1,000,000
Which of the following project alternatives should be recommended to Zinx’s management?
a. II, III, and IV.
b. II, III, and V.
c. I and II.
d. I, IV, and V.
353. CSO: 2D4c LOS: 2D4a
Wearwell Company is considering three investment projects. Wearwell’s president asked the controller to prepare a report and recommend an appropriate investment decision. The results of the controller’s calculations for the three projects are as follows.
Project Net present value Internal rate of return
A $20,680 12%
B 30,300 10%
C 15,000 13%
The company expects a minimum net present value (NPV) of $20,000 from accepted projects. The projects are mutually exclusive and Wearwell’s cost of capital is 8%. Which one of the following options should the controller recommend to the president?
a. Project C because it has the highest internal rate of return (IRR).
b. Project B because it has the highest net present value (NPV).
c. Projects A, B, and C because each of the projects have an IRR greater than the cost of capital.
d. Projects A and B because they exceed the minimum expected NPV.
354. CSO: 2D5a LOS: 2D5c
Susan Hines has developed an estimate of the earnings per share for her firm for the next year using the following parameters.
Sales $20 million
Cost of goods sold 70% of sales
General & administrative expenses $300,000
Selling expense $100,000 plus 10% of sales
Debt outstanding $5 million @ 8% interest rate
Effective tax rate 35%
Common shares outstanding 2 million
She is now interested in the sensitivity of earnings per share to sales forecast changes. A 10% sales increase would increase earnings per share by
a. 7.0 cents per share.
b. 10.4 cents per share.
c. 13.0 cents per share.
d. 20.0 cents per share.
355. CSO: 2D5a LOS: 2D5c
The modeling technique that should be used in a complex situation involving uncertainty is a(n)
a. expected value analysis.
b. program evaluation review technique.
c. Monte Carlo simulation.
d. Markov process.
356. CSO: 2D5a LOS: 2D5c
Janet Jones, an analyst with All Purpose Heater Company, plans to use a Monte Carlo experiment to estimate the simulated daily demand for All Purpose’s heaters. The probability distribution for the daily demand for heaters is as follows.
Daily demand Random number
for heaters Probability intervals
0 .10 00-09
1 .15 10-24
2 .20 25-44
3 .20 45-64
4 .25
5 .10
Jones is trying to assign random number intervals for each of the demand levels. She has done so for the first four levels. If a total of 100 two-digit numbers are used in a
simulation, what random number intervals should Jones assign to the 4 and 5 heaters demand levels, respectively?
a. 65-69; 70-88.
b. 65-84; 85-99.
c. 65-84; 85-99.
d. 65-89; 90-99.
357. CSO: 2D5a LOS: 2D5c
All of the following are advantages of a simulation model except that it
a. allows what-if type of questions.
b. does not interfere with the real world systems.
c. generates optimal solutions to problems.
d. allows the study of the interactive effect of variables.
358. CSO: 2D5a LOS: 2D5c
Logan Corporation, located in Boston, has experienced major distribution problems in supplying key Los Angeles-based customers. Delivery times have been as follows over the last four months.
Delivery Time Number of Times
in Days Occurring
5 12
6 18
7 15
8 9
9 6
The company’s marketing manager wants to simulate the distribution process by assigning random numbers to delivery times and to other random variables. If the marketing manager uses 100 different random numbers to simulate the process, an appropriate assignment of random numbers to a 6-day delivery time would be
a. 09-14.
b. 30-60.
c. 45-74.
d. 00-18.
CMA Part 2 – Financial Decision Making
Answers to Examination Questions for Practice
Section A: Financial Statement Analysis
1. Correct answer a. Gordon’s common-size gross profit percentage has decreased as a result of an increasing common-size trend in cost of goods sold as shown below.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Sales 100% 100% 100% 100%
Cost of goods sold (÷ Sales) 60.0% 60.3% 60.7% 60.7%
Gross profit (÷ Sales) 40.0% 39.6% 39.2% 39.2%
2. Correct answer d. The annual report to shareholders is prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and is designed to provide information that is pertinent to investors and other external users. Managers responsible for operating activities use internal reports designed to provide information about various aspects of internal functions that measure the effectiveness and efficiency of operations.
3. Correct answer b. Decreases in current liabilities such as accounts payable and income taxes payable are deducted from net income when determining cash flow indicating that cash was used to decrease the balances in these accounts.
4. Correct answer a. Firms are required to present reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances of their shareholder accounts; this is accomplished by presenting a Statement of Shareholders’ Equity.
5. Correct answer b. A company’s solvency is best represented by the amount of cash that can be generated internally rather than having to borrow from outside sources. This is shown on the Cash Flow Statement as flows from operating activities.
6. Correct answer d. The Income Statement is used to determine a firm’s profitability and past performance can be evaluated using prior period income statements. All of the other characteristics listed can be determined from the Statement of Financial Position.
7. Correct answer a. The purpose of the Income Statement is to provide a summary of a firm’s operating activities for a period of time.
8. Correct answer c. Bertram’s Cash Paid for Dividends is $12,000 as calculated below.
$100,000 + $40,000 - $8,000 + $5,000 – X = $125,000
$137,000 – X = $125,000
X = $12,000
9. Correct answer b. Shareholders’ Equity is presented on the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) while all the other elements listed are components of the Income Statement.
10. Correct answer d. The payment of dividends is a financing activity and should be presented as a cash outflow in that section of the Cash Flow Statement.
11. Correct answer b. The Cash Flow Statement does not have an “equity activities” section; equity transactions are presented as financing activities.
12. Correct answer b. Available-for-sale securities are considered an investment, and therefore the sale would be presented as an investing activity on the statement of cash flows.
13. Correct answer d. The form of the Cash Flow Statement is prescribed as Operating Activities, Investing Activities, and Financing Activities.
14. Correct answer d. This transaction would be presented as a non-cash financing and investing activity as the full amount of the acquisition cost was mortgaged.
15. Correct answer a. Changes in current assets and current liabilities are presented as operating activities on the Cash Flow Statement. The other transactions listed are investing or financing activities.
16. Correct answer a. The quality of the earnings reported for the enterprise cannot be determined from the Income Statement and is therefore a limitation of that statement. All of the other characteristics listed refer to limitations of the Statement of Financial Position.
17. Correct answer b. The two methods used to calculate the cash flow from operating activities are the direct method and the indirect method. The indirect method is used more frequently that the direct method.
18. Correct answer a. The direct method of calculating cash flow from operating activities presents major classes of operating cash receipts less major classes of operating cash disbursements.
19. Correct answer c. The sale of a fixed asset for less that book value will decrease net profit as the loss on the sale will be recognized on the Income Statement.
20. Correct answer b. Whether a lease is treated as a capital lease or an operating lease has no effect on a firm’s accounts receivable turnover. All other measures listed would be affected by the change to the recording of the lease.
21. Correct answer a. Broomall’s working capital is $40,000 calculated as follows.
Current assets – Current liabilities = Net working capital
$10,000 + $20,000 + $8,000 + $30,000 + $12,000 = $80,000 current assets
$15,000 + $25,000 = $40,000 current liabilities
$80,000 - $40,000 = $40,000 net working capital
22. Correct answer b. When merchandise is purchased on credit, accounts receivable
increases and inventory decreases by the same amount so net working capital remains
unchanged.
23. Correct answer c. If $100,000 is used to purchase inventory, the firm’s quick ratio will
decrease. Since inventory is not included in the calculation of current assets for the quick
ratio, current assets will decrease while liabilities remain unchanged.
24. Correct answer d. Grimaldi’s quick ratio at the end of the year is 1.52 as shown below.
(Current assets – Inventory) ÷ Current liabilities = Quick ratio
($62,000 + $35,000 + $47,000) ÷ ($84,000 + $11,000) = 1.52
25. Correct answer c. Davis’ current ratio will be lower than 2.3 times as shown below.
Before purchase: $7,500,000 ÷ X = 2.3
X = $3,260,870
After purchase: ($7,500,000 + $750,000) ÷ ($3,260,870 + $750,000) = 2.05
26. Correct answer d. Markowitz’s current ratio will be reduced as an increase in the
allowance for uncollectible accounts will reduce total current assets while current
liabilities remain unchanged.
27. Correct answer b. Fortune’s net working capital is $45,000 as shown below.
($10,000 + $60,000 + $25,000 +5,000) – ($40,000 + $10,000 + $5,000) = $45,000
28. Correct answer b. To increase its acid test ratio, Gratska should sell auto parts on
account. This transaction will increase accounts receivable and thus the numerator of the
ratio. Inventory is not included in the ratio so the change in inventory will not affect the
ratio.
29. Correct answer c. The purchase will adversely affect the quick ratio by reducing the cash
balance. Since inventory is not included in the quick ratio, the change in inventory will
not offset the reduction in cash.
30. Correct answer d. Boyd’s current ratio is 2.97 as calculated below.
Current assets ÷ Current liabilities = Current ratio
($62,000 + $47,000 + $35,000 + $138,000) ÷ ($84,000 + $11,000) = 2.97
31. Correct answer d. A comparison of current assets with current liabilities gives an
indication of the short-term debt-paying ability of a firm. Both working capital and the
current ratio compare current assets with current liabilities and, therefore, measure credit
worthiness.
32. Correct answer d. The current ratio and the quick ratio both compare current assets with
current liabilities, however, the quick ratio eliminates inventory from current assets as it
may not be readily converted into cash. Therefore, the disparity between the ratios is
caused by the high level of inventory.
33. Correct answer d. The acid test (quick) ratio does not include inventory in the calculation
of current assets and, therefore, measures debt-paying ability without liquidating
inventory.
34. Correct answer b. The purpose of the acid test ratio is to measure debt-paying ability
using highly liquid assets. Items such as prepaid insurance may be excluded as they do
not represent current cash flow.
35. Correct answer d. Dedham’s acid test ratio is 1.05 as shown below.
($10,000 + $20,000 + $12,000) ÷ ($15,000 + $25,000) = 1.05
36. Correct answer b. Because the payment will have a proportionally greater affect on
current liabilities than on current assets, the company’s current ratio will increase.
37. Correct answer a. Sterling is the most highly leveraged corporation because it has the
greatest percentage of debt or financing with a fixed charge, e.g., interest.
38. Correct answer b. Sahara’s degree of financial leverage is 1.36 as shown below.
Degree of financial leverage = EBIT ÷ EBT
= ($1,320,000 + $880,000 + $800,000) ÷ ($1,320,000 + $880,000)
= $3,000,000 ÷ $2,200,000
= 1.36
39. Correct answer c. The degree of operating leverage measures the percent change in EBIT
caused by a percent change in sales. Therefore, a degree of operating leverage of 3
indicates that a 1% change in sales will cause a 3% change in EBIT.
40. Correct answer a. Financial leverage is defined as the use of financing with a fixed charge such as interest. Firms with a high degree of financial leverage make significant use of debt and, therefore, have high debt-to-equity ratios.
41. Correct answer a. Financial leverage is defined as the use of financing with a fixed charge such as interest. Since debt is financing with a fixed charge, the use of debt increases financial leverage.
42. Correct answer d. Earnings to Mineral’s shareholders will increase by 7.5% as shown below.
Degree of financial leverage = % change in net income ÷ % change in EBIT
1.5 = X ÷ 5%
X = 7.5%
43. Correct answer a. Because of the magnification of financial leverage, a decrease in earnings before interest and taxes will result in a proportionally larger decrease in earnings per share.
44. Correct answer c. Mica’s debt-to-equity ratio is 32.2% as shown below.
Debt-to-equity ratio = Total debt ÷ Equity
= ($84,000 + $11,000 + $77,000) ÷ ($300,000 + $28,000 + $206,000)
= $172,000 ÷ $534,000
= 32.2%
45. Correct answer c. Since Borglum is seeking a supplier that is stable, it should select Rockland as this supplier has a relatively low level of financial risk indicated by its debt/equity ratio and degree of financial leverage, both of which are below the industry average, and a current ratio that is above the industry average.
46. Correct answer d. The debt-to-total assets ratio indicates the percentage of assets financed by creditors and helps to determine how well creditors are protected in case of insolvency. From the perspective of debt-paying ability, the lower this ratio, the better.
47. Correct answer c. Since Easton Bank is seeking the company that is most likely to meet its loan obligations, the bank should select Astor. Both the degree of financial leverage and the debt/equity ratio are measures of debt-paying ability; Astor is below the industry average for both measures, indicating a low level of financial risk.
48. Correct answer a. The company’s debt/equity ratio is .5 to 1 as shown below.
Current liabilities = $640,000 ÷ 3.2
= $200,000
Equity = $990,000 – ($200,000 + $130,000)
= $660,000
Debt/equity ratio = ($130,000 + $200,000) ÷ $660,000
= .5 to 1
49. Correct answer b. The company’s times-interest earned ratio is 1.0. The ratio is calculated as EBIT ÷ interest expense. Since interest expense is equal to EBIT, the ratio is 1.0.
50. Correct answer c. Since Marble Savings Bank is seeking the company that is most likely to meet its loan obligations, the bank should select Nutron. Both the degree of financial leverage and the debt/equity ratio are measures of debt-paying ability; Nutron is below the industry average for both measures, indicating a low level of financial risk.
51. Correct answer c. As shown by the data, Strickland’s competitor has a greater degree of financial leverage and a higher debt/equity ratio. The two measures indicate that the competitor makes greater use of outside financing than Strickland. Strickland should, therefore, consider increased outside borrowing to increase flexibility and fund research and development.
52. Correct answer c. Lowell’s accounts receivable turnover in days is 36.5 as shown below.
Accts receivable turnover (days) = 365 ÷ (Credit sales ÷ Average accounts receivable)
= 365 ÷ [$220,000 ÷ ($20,000 + $24,000) ÷ 2]
= 365 ÷ ($220,000 ÷ $22,000)
= 365 ÷ 10
= 36.5 days
53. Correct answer c. Maydale’s accounts receivable turnover ratio is 10.00 as shown below.
Accts receivable turnover ratio = Credit sales ÷ Average accounts receivable
= $3,600,000 ÷ [($320,000 + $400,000) ÷ 2]
= $3,600,000 ÷ $360,000
= 10.00
54. Correct answer d. Both Zubin’s inventory turnover and accounts receivable turnover ratios will decrease under these circumstances. The numerator values of these are cost of goods sold and credit sales, respectively. If these values both decline, the value of both ratios will decline.
55. Correct answer b. Lampasso’s inventory turnover ratio is 3.5 times as shown below.
Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold ÷ Average inventory
= $24,500 ÷ [($6,400 + $7,600) ÷ 2]
= $24,500 ÷ $7,000
= 3.5 times
56. Correct answer c. Garland’s inventory turnover ratio is 4.01 as shown below.
Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold ÷ Average inventory
= $527,000 ÷ [($125,000 + $138,000) ÷ 2]
= $527,000 ÷ $131,500
= 4.01
57. Correct answer b. Makay’s inventory turnover ratio is 5.0 times as shown below.
Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold ÷ Average inventory
= $140,000 ÷ [($30,000 + $26,000) ÷ 2]
= $140,000 ÷ $28,000
= 5.0 times
58. Correct answer c. Globetrade’s current ratio would decrease as a result of the change to
LIFO because the value of ending inventory would be lower thus decreasing the firm’s
current assets. Globetrade’s inventory turnover ratio would increase as a result of the
change to LIFO because the cost of goods sold would increase.
59. Correct answer b. Lancaster’s accounts receivable turnover ratio is 10.15 as shown below.
Accts. receivable turnover = Credit sales ÷ Average accounts receivable
= [$1,700,000 x (1-.06)] ÷ [($168,000 + $147,000) ÷ 2]
= $1,598,000 ÷ $157,500
= 10.15
60. Correct answer d.Cornwall’s days’ sales in accounts receivable is 23 as shown below.
Days’ sales in Accts. Rec. = Average accounts receivable ÷ (Credit sales ÷ 360)
= [($68,000 + $47,000) ÷ 2] ÷ ($900,000 ÷ 360)
= $57,500 ÷ $2,500
= 23 days
61. Correct answer a. Both measures have increased because both sales and cost of goods sold
have increased while average accounts receivable and average inventory have remained the
same.
62. Correct answer c. Caper’s fixed asset turnover is 2.3 times calculated as follows.
Fixed asset turnover = Sales ÷ Average net property, plant, & equipment
= $3,000,000 ÷ $1,300,000
= 2.3 times
63. Correct answer b. The accounts payable turnover is 7.0 times as shown below.
Accounts payable turnover = Credit purchases ÷ Average accounts payable
= $24,500* ÷ [($3,320 + $3,680) ÷ 2]
= $24,500 ÷ $3,500
= 7.0 times
*COGS used as credit purchases
64. Correct answer c. The only measure not affected by the purchase of its own common stock
is Douglas’ net profit margin. Both the debt/equity ratio and the earnings per share are
affected by the number of outstanding shares of common stock while the current ratio is
affected by the amount of cash held.
65. Correct answer a. Beechwood’s return on shareholders’ equity is 19.2% as shown below.
ROE = Net income ÷ Average equity
= $96,000 ÷ [($300,000 + $12,000 + $155,000 + $300,000 +$28,000 + $206,000) ÷ 2]
= $96,000 ÷ $496,000
= 19.2%
66. Correct answer b. Moreland’s total asset turnover is 1.37 as calculated below.
Total asset turnover = Sales ÷ Average total assets
= $900,000 ÷ [($48,000 + $68,000 + $125,000 + $325,000 + $62,000
+ $35,000 + $47,000 + $138,000 + $424,000) ÷ 2]
= $900,000 ÷ $657,000
= 1.37
67. Correct answer b. Interstate’s additional investment in operating assets will increase the total
value of the firm’s net property, plant, and equipment and will, therefore, decrease the operating
asset turnover and the return on operating assets. The firm’s operating income margin will be
unaffected by this investment.
68. Correct answer b. If Colonie increases its inventory turnover, the value of inventory will likely
be lower which will lower the firm’s total assets. Decreasing the use of equity financing will
stabilize (or reduce) the amount of equity outstanding. Both lower total assets and lower total
equity would result in an increase in Colonie’s return on equity.
69. Correct answer a. Merit’s book value per share is $1.88 as calculated below.
Book value per share = (Total equity – Preferred equity) ÷ Common shares outstanding
= ($26, 433,841* - $3,554,405) ÷ 12,195,799
= $22,879,436 ÷ 12,195,799
= $1.88
*$24,209,306 + $2,861,003 - $223,551 - $412,917
70. Correct answer b. Because a stock dividend increases the number of common shares outstanding, Donovan’s book value per common share will decrease.
71. Correct answer c. Because the market price per share has increased while earnings per share remained the same, Arnold’s price/earnings ratio has increased showing a positive trend in growth opportunities in Year 2.
72. Correct answer c. The estimated per share value of Clark’s common stock is $15.00 as calculated below.
Estimated value per share = (Net income ÷ Shares outstanding) x Price/earnings ratio
= ($3,750,000 ÷ 3,000,000) x 12
= $15.00
73. Correct answer b. The value per share of Kell’s common stock is $16.50 as shown below.
Market to book ratio = Current price ÷ Book value per share
1.5 = X ÷ [($3,000,000 + $24,000,000 + $6,000,000) ÷ 3,000,000]
1.5X = $11.00
X = $16.50
74. Correct answer a.
Item & Date:
# Shares
Weighting
Weighted
Average
Adjustment for
Stock Dividend*
No. shs as of
Beginning of
Year 1/1/XX
100,000
12/12
100,000
100,000 x 1.10 = 110,000
Shares issued
4/1/XX
+10,000
9/12
+ 7,500
7,500 x 1.10 = 8,250
10% stock div.
7/1/XX
All events preceding 7/1/XX:
Wtd avg multiplied by 1.10
Treasury shares
Reacquired
10/1/XX
(5,000)
3/12
(1,250)
(1,250) **
_____________________
WANCSO
117,000
* All balances and transactions preceding the stock dividend on July 1 are
increased by 10%
** 5,000 shares reacquired October 1 not increased by 10% because this
occurred after the stock dividend was declared paid.
75. Correct answer c. ABC’s earnings per share is $4.38 as shown below.
Weighted average shares 1,060,000 x 5/12 441,667
1,120,000 x 7/12 653,333
1,095,000
Earnings per share = (Net income – Preferred dividends) ÷ Weighted average shares
= [$5,300,000 – (10% x $100 x 50,000)] ÷ 1,095,000
= $4,800,000 ÷ 1,095,000
= $4.38
76. Correct answer c. Devlin’s price/earnings ratio is 7.08 as shown below.
Price/earnings ratio = Market price per share ÷ Earnings per share
= $34 ÷ $4.80
= 7.08
77. Correct answer b. Appleseed’s price/earnings ration is 9.09 as shown below.
Earnings per share = (Net income – Preferred dividends) ÷ Common shares outstanding
= [$588,000 – ($6 x 10,000)] ÷ 120,000
= $528,000 ÷ 120,000
= $4.40
Price/earnings ratio = Market price per share ÷ Earnings per share
= $40 ÷ $4.40
= 9.09
78. Correct answer d. Archer’s stock is undervalued by approximately 25% as calculated below.
Estimated market value = Industry average P/E ratio x Archer earnings per share
= 14.00 x $3.20
= $44.80
Archer market difference = $44.80 - $36.00
= $8.80
Percentage difference = $8.80 ÷ $36.00
= 24.4%
79. Correct answer a. The price/earnings (P/E) ratio expresses the relationship between the market price of a stock and the stock’s earnings per share. A steady drop in a firm’s P/E ratio could, therefore, indicate that earnings per share has been increasing while the market price of the stock has held steady.
80. Correct answer c. Collins earnings per share is $2.90 as shown below.
Earnings per share = (Net income – Preferred dividends) ÷ Common shares outstanding
= ($350,000 - $60,000*) ÷ 100,000
= $2.90
*Preferred dividends = ($100 x .06) x 10,000 = $60,000
81. Correct answer c. When the common shares outstanding increase as the result of a stock dividend or a stock split, retroactive recognition must be given to these events for all comparative earnings per share presentations. Therefore, Ray Company would 1,000,000 shares for computing earnings per share.
82. Correct answer b. Esther’s earnings per share was $8.06 as shown below.
Weighted average shares Shares Months Weighted Average
10,000 5/12 4,170
12,000 7/12 6,996
11,166
Preferred dividends = ($100 x .06) x 5,000
= $30,000
Earnings per share = (Net income – Preferred dividends) ÷ Common shares outstanding
= ($120,000 - $30,000) ÷ 11,166
= $8.06
83. Correct answer b. Ray Company’s weighted average number of shares for calculating earnings per share is 137,500 calculated as follows.
Weighted average shares Shares Months Weighted Average
120,000 2/12 20,000
108,000 3/12 27,000
138,000 5/12 57,500
198,000 2/12 33,000
137,500
84. Correct answer a. Dyle’s yield on common stock is 11.11% as shown below.
Dividend yield = Dividends per common share ÷ Market price per common share
= ($700,000 ÷ 350,000) ÷ $18
= 11.11%
85. Correct answer c. Oakland’s dividend yield was 2.00% calculated as follows.
Dividend yield = Dividends per common share ÷ Market price per common share
= (4 x $.20) ÷ $40.00
= 2.00%
86. Correct answer c. Dividend yield indicates the relationship between the dividends per common share and the market price per common share and is calculated by dividing the dividends by the market price.
87. Correct answer d. Mayson’s dividend yield was 3.33% as shown below.
Dividend yield = Dividends per common share ÷ Market price per common share
= $1 ÷ $30
= 3.33%
88. Correct answer d. Arnold’s dividend yield has declined when compared to Year 1.
Dividend yield = Dividends per common share ÷ Market price per common share
Year 1 = $1 ÷ $50 = 2.00%
Year 2 = $1 ÷ $60 = 1.67%
89. Correct answer a. A firm’s functional should be the currency of the primary economic environment in which the firm operates and should be selected on the basis of several economic factors including cash flow, sales price, and financing indicators.
90. Correct answer d. A firm’s functional should be the currency of the primary economic environment in which the firm operates and should be selected on the basis of several economic factors including cash flow, sales price, and financing indicators.
91. Correct answer b. Assets acquired for cash, with financing leases, or with a line of credit must all be presented on a firm’s balance sheet while assets acquired with operating leases are not included on the balance sheet (e.g., off-balance-sheet financing).
92. Correct answer a. Bailey’s cash inflow from operating activities is $100,000 for goods sold to customers. The sale of receivables for $125,000 is an investing activity while the issuance of company stock is a financing activity.
93. Correct answer a. Deltech’s $5,000 acquisition of a productive asset is an outflow for investing activities while the bank loan is an inflow for financing activities.
94. Correct answer a. Atwater’s cash flow for investing activities is $300,000 for the purchase of Trillium stock. Both the payment of dividends and the repurchase of Atwater stock are financing activities.
95. Correct answer b. The interest paid on the bank loan ($250,000) should be included as an operating activity on Carlson’s cash flow statement. The dividend payment is a financing activity and the equipment purchase is an investment activity.
96. Correct answer c. The Financing Section of Barber’s Cash Flow Statement should include the dividend payment and the repurchase of Barber’s stock for a total of $600,000.
97. Correct answer b. Kristina’s cash flow from financing activities should be $720,000 ($800,000 inflow from the issuance of common stock less the $80,000 payment of dividends).
98. Correct answer c. Kristina’s cash flow from investing activities should be $1,300,000 ($2,800,000 from the sale of receivables less the $1,500,000 land acquisition).
99. Correct answer c. Doran’s net cash flow from operating activities is $1,018,000 as shown below.
Net income $ 920,000
Depreciation expense + 110,000
Increase in payables + 45,000
Increase in receivables - 73,000
Increase in tax liability + 16,000
Cash flow $1,018,000
100. Correct answer d. James should include the total value of the sale ($150,000) in the Investing Activities Section of the Cash Flow Statement.
101. Correct answer c. Madden’s net cash flow from operating activities is $83,000 as shown below.
Net income $82,000
Decrease in receivables + 6,000
Increase in inventory -12,000
Depreciation expense +13,000
Decrease in payables - 3,000
Gain on equipment sale - 3,000
Cash flow $83,000
102. Correct answer a. Kristina’s net cash flow from operating activities is $1,700,000.
Net income $2,000,000
Increase in receivables - 300,000
Decrease in inventory + 100,000
Increase in payables + 200,000
Depreciation expense + 400,000
Gain on securities sale - 700,000
Cash flow $1,700,000
103. Correct answer d. A change in estimate for bad debts should be treated as affecting on the period of the change. Changes in estimates are viewed as normal recurring corrections and retrospective treatment is prohibited.
104. Correct answer a. Finer Foods’ change in inventory method should be presented on a retrospective basis to maintain consistency and comparability.
105. Correct answer d. Economic profit is defined as revenue minus all explicit and implicit costs. The implicit costs are generally referred to as opportunity costs.
106. Correct answer c. Economic profit is defined as revenue minus all explicit and implicit costs. The implicit costs are generally referred to as opportunity costs.
107. Correct answer d. Economic profit is defined as revenue minus all explicit and implicit costs. The implicit costs are generally referred to as opportunity costs.
108. Correct answer d. The economic cost of Williams’ MBA studies is $60,000.
Opportunity cost of quitting job $35,000
Explicit cost of studies 25,000
Economic cost $60,000
109. Correct answer b. Lark’s economic profit was ($25,000) as shown below.
Economic profit = (Net income + interest) – (Debt + Equity Opportunity Cost)
= ($350,000 + $100,000) – [($1,000,000 x .1) + ($2,500,000 x .15)]
= $450,000 - $475,000
= ($25,000)
Section B: Corporate Finance
110. Correct answer b. Systematic risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios associated with changes in return on the market as a whole and is measured by the covariance between the security’s return and the general market.
111. Correct answer a. Interest rate risk is the variation in the market price of a bond caused by changes in interest rates. The longer the maturity (duration) of the bond, the greater the price fluctuation associated with the given change in market required return.
112. Correct answer c. The expected current value of Frasier’s common stock in $20 as shown below.
Dividend = Payout ratio x Earnings per share
= .35 x $4.00
= $1.40
Required return = Risk-free rate + Beta (Market rate – Risk-free rate)
= .07 + 1.25 (.15 - .07)
= .17
Value of stock = Dividend ÷ (Required return – Dividend growth rate)
= $1.40 ÷ (.17 - .10)
= $20.00
113. Correct answer d. Beta is an index of systematic risk and measures the sensitivity of a stock’s returns to changes in returns on the market portfolio. A firm’s beta is determined by the risk characteristics of the firm. Of the options given, the payout ratio has the least impact on the firm’s riskiness and therefore its beta value.
114. Correct answer c. If a firm has a beta value of 1.0, the stock has the same systematic risk as the market as a whole and should rise and fall with the market.
115. Correct answer b. A futures contract provides for delivery of a commodity at a specified price on a stipulated future date. If the price of wheat is expected to rise, the contract protects future cash flow.
116. Correct answer a. A call provision is a feature in an indenture that permits the issuer to repurchase securities at a fixed price before maturity.
117. Correct answer d. Protective clauses or restrictions in bond indentures and loan agreements are known as covenants and can include items such as working capital requirements and capital expenditure limitations.
118. Correct answer a. Protective clauses or restrictions in bond indentures and loan agreements are known as covenants and can include items such as working capital requirements and capital expenditure limitations.
119. Correct answer d. All of the restrictions listed are likely to be included as protective covenants in the indenture.
120. Correct answer c. The longer the maturity (duration) of the bond, the greater the price fluctuation associated with a given change in market required return.
121. Correct answer d. A firm would be inclined to issue debt rather than equity when the effective tax rate is high as the interest expense associated with debt reduces income and therefore reduces tax expense.
122. Correct answer a. A bond is a long-term debt instrument with a final maturity generally being 10 years or more. If the security has a final maturity shorter than 10 years, it is generally called a note.
123. Correct answer c. The post split price of the stock should be greater that $40.00 if the dividend changed to $.55 as the dividend yield will have increased.
124. Correct answer c. The record date, set when a dividend is declared, is the date on which an investor must be a shareholder in order to be entitled to receive the upcoming dividend.
125. Correct answer c. Refunding is replacing an old debt issue with a new one, usually to lower interest cost. Therefore, refunding is not a method for retiring preferred stock.
126. Correct answer c. Unlike interest expense, dividends are not tax deductible to the issuer.
127. Correct answer c. A disadvantage of preferred stock to the issuer is that it generally sells on a higher yield basis than bonds.
128. Correct answer c. If a firm pays off its only outstanding debt, the cost of capital is likely to increase because the cost of equity is greater than the cost of debt. If the Treasury Bond yield increases, the overall required rate of return will likely increase causing an increase in the cost of capital.
129. Correct answer d. Stability’s cost of capital is 12.80% as calculated below.
Long-term debt $10,000,000 40% x 8% 3.20%
Common stock 10,000,000 40% x 15% 6.00%
Retained earnings 5,000,000 20% x 18% 3.60%
$25,000,000 12.80%
130. Correct answer a. Kielly’s cost of capital is 12.22% as shown below.
Debt 30% x [11% (1 - .4)] 1.98%
Preferred stock 24% x 12% 2.88%
Equity 46% x 16% 7.36%
12.22%
131. Correct answer b. Albion’s cost of capital is 13.0% as calculated below.
Long-term debt [.09 x (1 - .4)] x .30 1.60%
Preferred stock .12 x .10 1.20%
Common stock .17 x .60 10.20%
13.00%
132. Correct answer c. Thomas’ cost of capital is 10.95% as shown below.
Long-term debt [.08 x (1 - .4)] x .30 1.44%
Preferred stock .11 x .25 2.75%
Common stock .15 x .45 6.75%
10.94%
133. Correct answer d. If Joint Products exchanges debt for equity, the firm’s cost of capital is likely to increase as the cost equity is greater than the cost of debt due to the tax deductibility of interest expense.
134. Correct answer d. Cox’s cost of preferred stock capital is 9.20% as shown below.
Cost of preferred stock = Stated annual dividend ÷ Market price – cost of issue
= $8 ÷ ($92 - $5)
= 9.20%
135. Correct answer a. Since common stock equity is the sum total of common stock at par, additional paid-in capital, and retained earnings, the appropriate cost retained earnings is the cost of common stock.
136. Correct answer c. The cost of capital for Hatch’s retained earnings is equal to the required rate of return on the company’s common stock or 18.08% as calculated below using the constant growth model.
Required rate of return = (Dividend next period ÷ Value) + Growth rate
= [($3 x 1.09) ÷ $36] + .09
= .0908 + .09
= 18.08%
137. Correct answer c. The cost of capital for OFC’s retained earnings is equal to the required rate of return on the company’s common stock or 15.8% as shown below.
Required rate of return = (Dividend next period ÷ Value) + Growth rate
= [($2 x 1.10) ÷ $35] + .10
= 15.8%
138. Correct answer b. Angela’s long-term debt is 45% of its capital structure as shown below.
Cost of debt = .08 x (1 - .4)
= .048
WACC .15X + .048 (1-X) = .1041
.102X = .0561
Preferred equity X = .55
Debt 1 – X = .45
139. Correct answer c. An increase in the return on marketable securities would cause a decrease in the optimal cash balance. The higher the denominator value, the lower the resulting solution.
140. Correct answer c. The reasons for holding cash do not include the motive to make a profit while the other three options are appropriate reasons for holding cash.
141. Correct answer d. A lock-box system is used for managing cash inflows rather than cash outflows.
142. Correct answer d. Powell would need to reduce its average collection time by 1.5 days in order to justify the use of the lockbox as shown below.
Daily collections: 300 x $2,500 = $750,000
Daily interest: $750,000 x .08 = $60,000
Reduction in days: $90,000 ÷ $60,000 = 1.5 days
143. Correct answer a.
Opening balance: $2,000,000
January +2,000,000 = $4,000,000 x .04 = +160,000
February +1,000,000 = $5,000,000 x .04 = +200,000
March -5,000,000 = 0
April -3,000,000 = $3,000,000 x .08 = -240,000
May -2,000,000 = $5,000,000 x .08 = -400,000
June +6,000,000 = $1,000,000 x .04 = + 40,000
-240,000 ÷ 12 = 20,000
144. Correct answer b.
Savings from trade discount = 1% x $25,000 x 24 = $6,000
Interest to bank = 10% x $24,750 / 12 x 24 = $4,950
Net savings = $6,000 – $4,950 = $1,050
145. Correct answer d. Rolling Stone should use of the methods presented except the use of drafts as shown below.
Lockbox cost: $25 x 170 = $4,250
Savings $5,240 - $4,250 = $990
Drafts cost: 4,000 x $2 = $8,000
Loss $6,500 - $8,000 = $(1,500)
Bank Float: $1,000,000 x .02 = $20,000
Savings $22,000 - $20,000 = $2,000
Electronic Trans. 700 x $18 = $12,600
Savings $14,000 - $12,600 = $1,400
146. Correct answer a. In order to justify the cost of a wire transfer, the transfer amount should be at least $21,000 as shown below.
Transfer amount .09A x (2 ÷ 360) = $10.50
.09A = $1,890
A = $21,000
147. Correct answer b. The use of a zero balance account can reduce all of the options presented except the disbursement float. Disbursement float refers to the period between the payment of an invoice and the clearing of the payment through the company’s bank. This time period is unaffected by the use of a zero balance account.
148. Correct answer d. Typically, municipal bonds are tailored for the long-term investor while T-bills, money market funds, and commercial paper are primarily used for short-term investing.
149. Correct answer d. Treasury bills are direct obligations of the U.S. government (no default risk), sold at discount (carry no coupon rate), and are redeemed at full face value at maturity.
The interest income on these securities is taxed at the federal level but is exempt from state and local taxes.
150. Correct answer b. At 12%, the bank borrowing represents the lowest cost of funds as shown below.
Trade discount: (.02 ÷ .98) x (360 ÷ 60) = 12.24%
Commercial paper: $9.1 - $8.8 = $.3
($.3 ÷ $9.1) x 4 = 13.1%
151. Correct answer a. $2,000 x 20% + $400,000 / 360 = 1,111.11 x 45 = $50,000.
152. Correct answer c. Because Northville’s change in credit terms will most likely shorten the cash conversion cycle, it is least likely that the company will need to increase short-term borrowing.
153. Correct answer a. Snug-fit’s return on the incremental sales would be 34.0% as shown below.
Estimated bad debt loss = $80,000 x .06
= $4,800
Gross profit = $80,000 x .4
= $32,000
Return on sales = ($32,000 - $4,800) ÷ $80,000
= 34.0%
154. Correct answer d. A credit manager would be most interested in liquidity ratios as these measure a firm’s ability to convert assets to cash and thereby pay financial obligations.
155. Correct answer b. Foster should implement Plan B as this plan results in the highest gross profit as shown below.
Plan B: = Gross profit – Bad debt/Collection costs – Incremental cost of capital
= ($250,000 x .2) – ($3,000 + $2,000) – [($90,000 - $60,000) x .15]
= $50,000 - $5,000 - $4,500
= $40,500
Results for other plans: Plan A $30,000; Plan C $40,000; Plan D $36,500
156. Correct answer c. A company should consider liberalizing its credit policy if it has a low cost of borrowing and the opportunity for repeat sales. Steady customers would be attracted by a liberal credit policy and if the company needs to borrow funds because of slower than expected payments, the cost would not be too high. Factors I and IV have no relationship to credit policy.
157. Correct answer c. Computer Services would need to know the cost of the investment in additional receivables or the opportunity cost of funds.
158. Correct answer b. $13,000 x 20% = $2,600 CM
Less (2,000 + 2,300) x 10% = 430
Less 125
Less 125
1,920
Options a,b,c produce lower amounts, as follows: $1,850, $1,650, $1,300.
159. Correct answer a. The cost of not taking the trade discount (20.98%) is greater that the 12% cost of borrowing so Global should pay within the first 10 days.
Trade discount = (.02 ÷ .98) x (360 ÷ 35) = 20.98%
160. Correct answer b. Locar’s average collection period was 26.7 days as shown below.
Average collection period = (Receivables x Annual days) ÷ Credit sales
= ($1,380,000 x 360) ÷ $18,600,000
= 26.7 days
161. Correct answer d. Atlantic should collect $25,000 of receivables, purchase $10,000 of inventory and reduce current liabilities by $15,000. This is the only option that reduces short-term debt and thus lowers the cost of debt while satisfying the loan covenant.
162. Correct answer c. Storage costs, insurance, and opportunity cost of funds invested in inventory are all costs of carrying inventory while shipping costs are related to sales of inventory.
163. Correct answer d. The total cost that Valley will incur is $12,100 as shown below.
Ordering cost 8 x $200 $ 1,600
Carrying average inventory (50 ÷ 2) x $100 2,500
Lost discounts (400 x $500) x .04 8,000
$12,100
164. Correct answer c. The carrying cost per unit is $120 as shown below.
Carrying cost = ($400 + $20) x 25% + $15
= $120
165. Correct answer d. The carrying cost of inventory is $8,160 as shown below.
Carrying cost = [2,400 + (2,000 ÷ 2)] x ($12 x .20)
= $8,160
166. Correct answer d. If new competition opens in the company’s market area, the company’s sales are likely to decline and safety stock cannot protect against this event.
167. Correct answer c. If ordering costs increase, the EOQ model would increase the order quantity. If the carrying cost increased, the EOQ model would decrease the order quantity. Purchase price and safety stock do not affect the EOQ model.
168. Correct answer d. Quantity discounts are not explicitly considered in the EOQ model as purchase price does not affect the model.
169. Correct answer d. The EOQ model assumes that order delivery times are consistent and that lead times do not vary. The other statements about EOQ are false.
170. Correct answer d. A decrease in carrying costs would result in an increase in the EOQ as it would be less costly to store units. A decrease in sales or ordering costs would decrease EOQ while the EOQ is unaffected by safety stock.
171. Correct answer b. Burke will pay the bank $52,500 as shown below.
4/1 4/30 5/31 6/30
Balance $2 mil. $4 mil. ($3 mil.) $4 mil.
2 mths. unused credit line 2 x ($5,000,000 x .0025) $25,000
1 mth. $3 mil. borrowed $3,000,000 x (.09 ÷ 12) 22,500
1 mth. $2 mil. unused $2,000,000 x .0025 5,000
$52,500
172. Correct answer d. Ideally, permanent assets are financed with long-term debt of matching maturities. The greater the portion of assets financed by short-term debt, the greater the risk that the firm will not be able to meet these obligations.
173. Correct answer a. Texas Corporation should purchase the 90-day investment as it has the highest annual yield as shown below.
90-day: $80,000 x .95 = $76,000; ($80,000 - $76,000) ÷ $76,000 = .05 x 4 = 20%
180-day: $75,000 x .94 = $70,500; ($75,000 - $70,500) ÷ $70,500 = .06 x 2 = 12%
270-day: $100,000 x .95= $95,000; $5,000 ÷ $95,000 = (.05 ÷ 3) x 4 = 7%
360-day: $60,000 x .90 = $54,000; $6,000 ÷ $54,000 = .11 x 1 = 11%
174. Correct answer d. The firm should seek an unsecured short-term loan to finance additional capital needs during the busy season. A transaction loan is generally for one specific purpose like completing a specific contract while term and installment loans are generally one year or greater.
175. Correct answer d. A commercial bank would likely be able to provide its customers with all of these financing vehicles.
176. Correct answer b.
Cost of commercial paper financing: $12,000,000 x 3/12 x 7% = $210,000 expense
July investment: $4,000,000 x 4% / 12 = $13,333 income.
No investment in August
September: $2,000,000 x 4% / 12 = $6,667 income. Net cost: $210,000 - $13,333 - $6.667 = $190,000
Line of credit financing: July $8,000,000 x 8% / 12 = $53,333
Aug 12,000,000 x 8% / 12 = 80,000
Sep 10,000,000 x 8.5% / 12 = 78,833
Total $204,166
$204,166 - $190,000 = $14,166 advantage to commercial paper
177. Correct answer b. The cost of foregoing the trade discount is 18.4% as shown below.
Trade discount = (.02 ÷ .98) x (360 ÷ 40)
= 18.4%
178. Correct answer d. The effective annual interest rate cost is 13.9% as shown below.
Effective interest rate = (.03 ÷ .97) x (360 ÷ 80)
= 13.9%
179. Correct answer d. The effective interest rate to the borrower is 13.64% as shown below.
Effective interest rate = .12 ÷ (1 - .12)
= 13.64%
180. Correct answer d. The face value of the note should be $329,670 as shown below.
Effective interest rate = .09 ÷ .91
= .0989
Face value of note = $300,000 x 1.0989
= $329,670
181. Correct answer c. Keller would need to borrow $176,471 as shown below.
Interest rate = ($150,000 x .08) ÷ [$150,000 – ($150,000 x .15)]
= $12,000 ÷ $127,500
= .0943875
Funds required = $150,000 + [($150,000 x .15) ÷ 2]
= $161,250 x 1.0943875
= $176,471
182. Correct answer b. The compensating balance required is $3,000,000 as shown below.
Effective interest rate = ($100,000,000 x .10) ÷ X = 10.31
X = $97,000,000
Compensating balance = $100,000,000 - $97,000,000
= $3,000,000
183. Correct answer c. The effective interest rate is 8.75% as shown below.
Effective interest rate = ($100,000 x .07) ÷ [$100,000 – ($100,000 x .20)]
= $7,000 ÷ $80,000
= 8.75%
184. Correct answer b. The compensating balance required is $2,440,000 as shown below.
Effective interest rate = ($100,000,000 x .10) ÷ X = 10.25
X = $97,560,000
Compensating balance = $100,000,000 - $97,560,000
= $2,440,000
185. Correct answer b. Frame will pay $1,131,250 as shown below.
Interest = ($10,000,000 x .02) + ($20,000,000 x .04) + ($5,000,000 x .02)
= $1,100,000
Fees = [$10,000,000 x (.005 ÷ 12 x 3)] + [$15,000,000 x (.005 ÷ 12 x 3)]
= $31,250
Total = $1,100,000 + $31,250
= $1,131,250
186. Correct answer c. The effective interest rate is 8.42% as shown below.
Effective interest rate = ($100,000,000 x .08) ÷ ($100,000,000 - $5,000,000)
= $8,000 ÷ $95,000,000
= 8.42%
187. Correct answer d. The residual theory of dividends treats dividends as strictly a financing decision with the payment of cash dividends determined solely by the availability of acceptable investment proposals.
188. Correct answer b. Mason should invest in all projects that have an IRR greater than the cost of capital. In this case, that means A + B + C = $200k + $350k + $570k = $1,120,000. This will be financed 40% debt and 60% equity, or $1,120,000 x 60% = $672,000 equity. Since the $1 million is available internally, $1,000,000 – $672,000 = $328,000 will not be need for projects, $328,000 can be paid as dividends under the residual dividend policy.
189. Correct answer d. The liquidity of a company is a prime consideration in dividend decisions because dividends represent a cash outflow. A growing company may be profitable but not liquid or a company may wish a liquidity cushion to provide flexibility.
190. Correct answer b. After a stock-split, a company rarely maintains the same per share dividend but usually reduces to half or slightly about half. Therefore, total dividend payouts remain approximately the same.
191. Correct answer a. The company will pay $12,000 in common stock dividends on the 20,000 shares outstanding (25,000 issued – 5,000 treasury stock) at $.60 per share.
192. Correct answer a. If the U.S. inflation rate declines relative to the Swiss inflation rate, the U.S. dollar will purchase a greater number of Swiss francs resulting in the depreciation of the Swiss franc.
193. Correct answer c. If the U.S. dollar appreciates against the British pound, it will take fewer dollars to purchase British goods thus increasing the demand for these products.
194. Correct answer c. If Country A has more exports than imports, its demand for foreign currency will diminish resulting in the appreciation of A’s currency.
195. Correct answer d. If R’s real interest rates are lower than the real interest rates in T, there will be lower demand for R currency investments resulting in the depreciation of R’s currency relative to T’s currency.
Section C: Decision Analysis and Risk Management
196. Correct answer c. Garner could incur up to $270,000 of expense and still break even due to savings of $270,000 as shown below.
Interest expense avoided = (3 x $1,500,000) x [(.07 ÷ 12) x 8]
= $4,500,000 x .046666
= $210,000
Additional income earned = (3 x $1,500,000) x [(.04 ÷ 12) x 4]
= $4,500,000 x .013333
= $60,000
Total savings = $210,000 + $60,000
= $270,000
197. Correct answer c. Bolger’s breakeven point would increase by 375 units as shown below.
Current breakeven point: ($300 - $210)X = $360,000
$90 X = $360,000
X = 4,000 units
Future breakeven point: ($300 - $220)X = $350,000
$80X = $350,000
X = 4,375 units
Difference 4,375 – 4,000 = 375 units
198. Correct answer b. Phillips breakeven volume is 82,500 units, and the company’s anticipated operating income is $9,250,000 as calculated below.
Breakeven point: ($160 - $60) X = ($55 x 150,000)
$100X = $8,250,000
X = 82,500 units
Operating income = [($160 - $60) x 175,000] - $8,250,000
= $9,250,000
199. Correct answer c. Cost-volume-profit analysis assumes that variable costs do not change with a change in volume; therefore, option C is the correct response. All other assumptions presented are correct.
200. Correct answer b. At the breakeven point, Ace would sell 9,231 units of Product C based on a sales mix of 80% Product C.
Breakeven point: 80% C contribution + 20% F contribution = Fixed costs
[(.8 x $2) + (.2 x $5)] x A = $30,000
$2.60A = $30,000
A = 22,538.46
Product C breakeven point: 11,538.46 x 80% = 9,231 units
201. Correct answer c. 12 x 3,500 = 42,000 .28
20 x 3,000 = 60,000 .40
12 x 4,000 = 48,000 .32
150,000
.28 x (18-3) = 4.2
.40 x (15-1) = 5.6
.32 x (20-0) = 6.4
16.2 weighted CM
Fixed: 165,000 + 249,000 + 316,000 + 565,000 = 1,295,000 / 16.2 = 79,938
202. Correct answer d. In order to achieve a net income of $1.3 million, Carson will need to sell 90,000 units as shown below.
$100x - $75x - $250,000 = $1,300,000 ÷ (1 - .35)
$25x - $250,000 = $2,000,000
$25x = $2,250,000
x = 90,000 units
203. Correct answer b. Metal Craft would need to sell 54,300 Model No. 153 socket sets in order to generate $161,200 in operating income based on the following calculation.
Sales mix: Model 109: 20%; Model 145: 50%; Model 153: 30%
Breakeven: (.2 x $10 - $5.50)A + (.5 x $15 - $8)A + (.3 x $20 - $14)A = $161,200
$.90A + $3.50A + $1.80A = $1,122,200
$6.20A = $1,122,200
A = 181,000 sets
Model 153 breakeven: 181,000 sets x 30% = 54,300 sets
204. Correct answer d. The total attendance for “Mr. Wonderful” would need to be 31,000 to product an after-tax contribution of $210,000 as shown below.
($18 - $3)A - $165,000 = $210,000 ÷ (1 - .3)
$15 A = $465,000
A = 31,000
205. Correct answer d. Robin Company’s required sales would be $1,200,000 as shown below.
(1 – tax rate) x (Contribution – Fixed costs) = Return on sales
(1 - .4) x (.30A - $240,000) = .06A
.12A = $144,000
A = $1,200,000
206. Correct answer c. Selling price: $45
Variable cost = 37% (2% + 25% + 10%)
Contribution margin % = 63%
Contribution margin $ = 45 x 63% = $28.35
28.35X – 104,720* = .2 x 45X
28.35X = 9X + 104,720
19.35X = 104,720
X = 5,412
* FIXED: 35,000 + 18,500 + 9,320 + 7,500 + 4,400 + 30,000 = 104,720
207. Correct answer b. To earn an 8% after-tax return on the $300,000 investment, Zipper Company would require sales totaling $914,286 as shown below.
Contribution – Fixed costs = 8% of investment ÷ (1 – tax rate)
.7A - $600,000 = (.08 x $300,000) ÷ ( 1 - .4)
.7A - $600,000 = $24,000 ÷ .6
.7A = $600,000 + $40,000
A = $914,286
208. Correct answer b. Breakeven quantity can be defined as the point where operating income is equal to zero. Therefore, revenue must equal total costs.
209. Correct answer b. To maximize contribution, Eagle Brand should produce 250 units of Product X at $20 contribution per unit for a total of $5,000. Option D provides a higher contribution but Eagle does not have enough raw material to produce all these units.
210. Correct answer b. Silverstone’s profits this will be $80,000 as shown below.
Contribution margin = 1 – ($270,000 ÷ $450,000)
= 40%
Profit = (.4 x $500,000) - $120,000
= $80,000
211. Correct answer c. Breeze’s operating profit would increase by $1,000. Operating profit equals contribution minus fixed costs. If contribution increases while fixed costs remain the same, operating profit will increase by the same amount.
212. Correct answer a. Wilkinson’s income would be $30,500 as shown below.
Income = (Contribution margin x selling price x units) – Fixed costs
= (.45 x $30 x 3,000) - $10,000
= $30,500
213. Correct answer b. The maximum contribution margin that Cervine can generate is $689,992 as shown below.
Contribution Product A = $100 - $53 - $10 = $37
Contribution Product B = $80 - $45 - $11 = $24
Hours Product A = 10,000 units x 2 hours = 20,000 hours
Units Product B = (40,000 hrs. – 20,000 hrs.) ÷ 1.5 = 13,000 units
Contribution = ($37 x 10,000) + ($24 x 13,333) = $689,992
214. Correct answer c. Specialty Cakes will break even by producing 4,947 round cakes and 14,842 heart-shaped cakes as shown below.
Breakeven: (.25 x $4A) + (.75 x $5A) = $94,000
$4.75A = $94,000
A = 19,789 units
Round cakes: .25 x 19,789 = 4,947
Heart-shaped cakes: .75 x 19,789 = 14,842
215. Correct answer a. If the change is implemented, Lazar’s total contribution margin would increase by $125,000 as shown below.
Decrease in direct material: .5 x $5 = $2.50
Increase in variable overhead: ($3 ÷ 2 hrs.) x 3.5 hrs. - $3 = $2.25
Reduction in cost: $2.50 - $2.25 = $.25
Increase in contribution: $.25 x 500,000 units = $125,000
216. Correct answer c. If Ticker’s sales mix shifts toward Product A, operating income will decrease of the number of units sold remains constant. Since A’s contribution margin is lower than Product B’s, there will be less contribution toward covering fixed costs resulting in lower operating income.
217. Correct answer b. The maximum contribution that Lazar can generate is $2,000,000 by producing 250,000 trunks. Since the contribution margin for trunks ($8) is more than twice the contribution margin for crates ($3), the fact that trunks utilizes twice the machine hours is negated.
218. Correct answer d. The opportunity cost is Johnson’s best alternative use of both the $200 and the two hours. Opportunity cost is the contribution foregone by not using a limited resource in its next best alternative use.
219. Correct answer c. The benefits sacrificed by selecting an alternative use of resources is opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the contribution foregone by not using a limited resource in its next best alternative use.
220. Correct answer d. Relevant costs and relevant revenues are those costs and revenues expected in the future that differ among alternative courses of action being considered. These are the items that affect decision making.
221. Correct answer a. A sunk cost is a past cost that cannot be changed no matter what action is taken. Therefore, joint costs incurred prior to a decision would be considered sunk.
222. Correct answer d. Since Blaze is uncertain what the sales of the new product will be and his risk tolerance is low, he should choose to pay 30% of his revenue to the mall management. As a consequence, his expenses will match his revenues and the project risk will be low.
223. Correct answer d. Benefits lost by choosing one alternative over another are referred to as opportunity costs.
224. Correct answer d. The cost of the crane to move materials would most likely be treated as a sunk cost in differential cost analysis as this cost is not likely to differ among alternatives.
225. Correct answer c. The relevant unit cost to manufacture the ice-makers is $30 each for a total relevant cost of $600,000. Under either alternative, there would be $4 per unit of fixed cost remaining, therefore, this $4 becomes irrelevant to the decision and can be deducted from the total unit cost of $34 leaving $30 of relevant cost.
226. Correct answer c. Plan Z is the most profitable ($28,000), Plan X is next ($24,000) with Plan Y the least profitable ($20,400).
Plan Z: ($32 - $30) x 14,000 = $28,000
Plan X: [$36 - $3 – ($36 x .1)] x 10,000 = $24,000
Plan Y: [$38 - $30 – ($38 x .1)] x 12,000 = A + $30,000
$50,400 = A + $30,000
A = $20,400
227. Correct answer b. Auburn’s average total cost at an output level of three units is $850 as shown below.
Average total cost = ($2,000 ÷ 3) + ($550 ÷ 3)
= $850
228. Correct answer a. Kelso’s average total cost at an output level of 11 units is $113.64 as shown below.
Average total cost = ($1,000 ÷ 11) + ($250 ÷ 11)
= $113.64
229. Correct answer b. Harper’s short-run marginal cost is $130 per unit as calculated below.
Marginal cost = ($3,325,000 - $3,000,000) ÷ (22,500 – 20,000)
= $130
230. Correct answer b. Auburn’s marginal cost for the 7th unit is $210 as shown below.
Marginal cost = $1,250 - $1,040
= $210
231. Correct answer a. Kelso’s marginal cost for the 12th unit is $180 as shown below.
Marginal cost = $480 - $300
= $180
232. Correct answer a. If the total cost is $800 and average variable cost is $5 per unit, the average fixed cost is $3 per unit.
($5 x 100 units) + (A x 100 units) = $800
100A = $300
A = $3
233. Correct answer b. Crawford’s marginal cost of the 23rd unit is $40 as shown below.
Marginal cost = $1,330 - $1,290
= $40
234. Correct answer c. The level that would produce the highest operating income for Parker is 14 units as shown below.
8 units: 8($100,000 - $50,000) - $400,000 = 0
10 units: 10($100,000 - $50,000) - $400,000 = $100,000
14 units: 14($100,000 - $45,000) - $600,000 = $170,000
17 units: 17($100,000 - $45,000) - $800,000 = $135,000
235. Correct answer c. If Johnson accepted the special order, the company’s operating income would increase by $37,500 as shown below.
Special order price $2.50
Less variable cost* 5.00
Contribution margin $2.50
Contribution to operating income: 15,000 x $2.50 = $37,500
*Fixed costs and selling costs are not relevant
236. Correct answer c. If the Robo Division submits a bid for $8,000,000, the division will lose $500,000 but GMT will gain $1,700,000 as the transfer price is nor relevant to GMT.
Robo Division: $8,000,000 - $3,700,000 - $4,800,000 = ($500,000)
GMT Industries: $8,000,000 - $1,500,000 - $4,800,000 = $1,700,000
237. Correct answer b. BCC should submit a bid of $772 per unit as this price covers all incremental costs.
Material $500
Direct labor 240 ($20 x 12)
Variable overhead 24 ($2 x 12)
Administrative costs 8
Bid price $772
238. Correct answer d. When making a special order decision, Bedford would need to cover incremental costs which include variable costs of the product (I) and direct fixed costs of the order (III). In addition, Bedford should consider if there is a more beneficial use of the idle capacity, the opportunity cost of the decision (IV).
239. Correct answer a. Since Raymund has idle capacity, the company needs to cover only the incremental variable costs of $10 ($50,000 ÷ 5,000) per unit so this should be the bid price to gain a new customer.
240. Correct answer b. The price that Hickory paid for the 4,500 pounds of Kaylene ($3.40/lb.) is irrelevant; it is a sunk cost. The future price of Kaylene ($4.05/lb.) is relevant to future operations.
241. Correct answer b. The minimum price that Gardner should charge for the special order is $96.50 per unit. This price covers the variable cost of KT-6500 plus the forgone contribution from Product XR-2000 as shown below.
Hours required for 1,000 units of KT-6500 3,000 hours
Units of XR-2000 not produced: 3,000 hours ÷ 4 750 units
XR-2000 contribution: $105 - $24 - $10 - $5 - $4 $62 per unit
KT-6500 bid price: = [(750 x $62) ÷ 1m000] + $27 +12 +$6 + $5
= $46.50 + $27 + $12 + $6 + $5
= $96.50
242. Correct answer a. Green should accept the offer of $280,000 as it will cover all incremental costs and increase operating profit.
Selling price $280,000
Direct material 66,000
Direct labor 120,000
Variable overhead 48,000 (.4 x $120,000)
Administrative costs 12,000 (.1 x $120,000)
Contribution $ 34,000
243. Correct answer c. The option (a) of purchasing externally is more costly the manufacturing internally, because Fixed OH costs are not avoidable. The option (b) is not possible due to the capacity restrictions. This leaves options (c) and (d), with option (d) being more costly than (c).
244. Correct answer c. The relevant cost to make the ice-makers is $600,000; to buy the units, the relevant cost is $528,000 as shown below.
Make: 20,000 x ($34 - $4*) = $600,000
Buy: ($28 x 20,000) – ($80,000 x .4) = $528,000
*The $4 of remaining fixed overhead applies to both alternatives and there irrelevant to the decision.
245. Correct answer b. Sunshine should not use the manufacturer’s machine cost of $.50 as it is based on 1.6 million units. Since Sunshine plans to produce 1.2 million units, the relevant cost is $.67 ($800,000 ÷ 1.2 million).
246. Correct answer d. For Aril to benefit from purchasing the units rather than making the units, the purchase price must be less than $14 as shown below.
Remaining fixed cost/unit = ($150,000 x .6) ÷ 30,000
= $3
Relevant cost to make unit = $3 + $11
= $14
247. Correct answer b. The $50,000 trade-in allowance is relevant to Verla’s decision as it decreases the cash outflow at time zero when the machine is purchased.
248. Correct answer c. Jones should process Product C further because the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental cost. Product B should be sold at split-off as the incremental revenue is less than the incremental cost.
Product C: [70,000 x ($12.50 - $10.25)] - $140,000 = $17,500
Product B: [20,000 x ($8.00 - $5.50)] - $60,000 = ($10,000)
249. Correct answer b. Oakes should continue to process Beracyl as the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental cost of processing; Mononate should be sold at split-off as the incremental revenue is less than the incremental cost of further processing.
Beracyl: [60,000 x ($18 - $15)] - $115,000 = $65,000
Mononate: [40,000 x ($10 - $7)] - $125,000 = ($5,000)
250. Correct answer d. Whitman’s contribution margin will be $380,000 if the Restaurant segment is discontinued as shown below.
Contribution: = [.95 x ($400,000 + $500,000)] – [.95 x ($300,000 + $200,000)}
= $855,000 - $475,000
= $380,000
251. Correct answer d. Whitman’s segments have the following contribution margin rations:
Merchandising $500,000 - $300,000 = $200,000 ÷ $500,000 = 40%
Automotive $400,000 - $200,000 = $200,000 ÷ $400,000 = 50%
Restaurant $100,000 - $70,000 = $30,000 ÷ $100,000 = 30%
252. Correct answer a. The costs relevant to this decision are the incremental costs of production of $20,000 material and $5,000 labor. The cost of the machinery is a sunk cost and therefore irrelevant.
253. Correct answer c. Reynolds should continue to produce and sell the fertilizer as it contributes $2.50 ($18.50 - $12.25 - $3.75) per bag toward coverage of fixed costs.
254. Correct answer c. Parklin’s operating income will go from $500 to ($1,500) if Segment B is closed, a decrease of $2,000.
Sales $10,000
Variable cost of goods sold 4,000
Fixed cost of goods sold 2,500 (+$1,000 from Segment B)
Gross margin 3,500
Variable selling & admin. 2,000
Fixed selling & admin. 3,000 ($1,500 from Segment B)
Operating loss ($1,500)
255. Correct answer b. Grapevine should consider items 1, 2, and 3. Item 1 will affect future revenue. Items 2 and 3 will be eliminated and lower Grapevine’s future costs. Item 4 will continue and is irrelevant. Items 5 and 6 are sunk costs and also irrelevant.
256. Correct answer c. The production and sale of the new dolls would decrease the company’s profit by $39,200 as shown below.
Contribution $400,000 [10,000 x ($100 - $60)]
Fixed costs 456,000
Operating income -56,000
Tax savings @30% 16,800
Net loss -$39,000
257. Correct answer b. The company should continue the Oak Division as it is currently covering $13,000 of its $14,000 fixed costs. If the division is eliminated, $7,000 of fixed costs will remain causing a $6,000 decline in the company’s operating profit ($7,000 - $1,000).
258. Correct answer a. If the company can produce all the units required (no constraint), the prime consideration should be the product’s contribution margin. If production is constrained by the number of machine hours, the company should focus on the contribution margin per machine hour.
259. Correct answer b. The maximum net profit Elgers can earn is $67,200 as shown below.
Contribution $160,000 [40,000 x ($12 - $8)]
Fixed costs 48,000
Operating profit 112,000
Tax @ 40% 44,800
Net profit $ 67,200
260. Correct answer a. If Dayton sold 30,000 units, the net income would be $24,000.
Contribution $90,000 [30,000 x ($10 - $7)]
Fixed costs 42,000
Gross profit 48,000
Tax @50% 24,000
Net income $24,000
261. Correct answer b. If Raymund installs the automated process, the monthly operating income would be $10,000 as shown below.
Reduction in variable costs: ($50,000 ÷ 5,000) = $10 - $5 = $5
Sales $100,000
Variable manufacturing 25,000 ($5 x 5,000)
Variable selling 15,000
Contribution 60,000
Fixed manufacturing 46,000
Fixed selling 4,000
Operating income $ 10,000
262. Correct answer c. The only combination of factors that is correct is a variable cost ratio of 32% and operating income of $9,600,000.
Variable cost ratio: $60 – ($60 x .2) = $48 ÷ $150 = 32%
Contribution margin $17,850,000 [175,000 x ($150 - $48)]
Fixed costs* 8,250,000
Operating income $ 9,600,000
*Current fixed costs $9,000 ($60 x 150,000) - $750,000 eliminated
263. Correct answer b. The relevant contribution margins per machine hour are Product A $18.50 and Product B $16.00 as shown below.
Product A: $100 - $53 - $10 = $37 ÷ 2 hours = $18.50
Product B: $80 - $45 - $11 = $24 ÷ 1.5 hours = $16.00
264. Correct answer a. Lark should make 30,000 units of Product A, 14,000 units of Product B (utilizing the remaining machine hours), and outsource 6,000 units of Product B because this alternative makes the greatest contribution as shown below.
Hours: (30,000 A units x 3 hours) = 90,000 hours
160,000 hours – 90,000 hours = 70,000 hours remaining
70,000 ÷ 5 hours for B unit = 14,000 units of Product B
Contribution: = [($75 - $30) x 30,000] + [($125 - $48) x 14,000] + [($125 - $60) x 6,000]
= $1,350,000 + $1,078,000 + $390,000
= $2,818,000
265. Correct answer a. Aspen should utilize the internal hours to manufacture 12,000 units of Product XT because the total contribution is greater than the contribution for Product RP.
Product XT: ($60 - $37 - $12 - $6) x 12,000 = $60,000
Product RP: ($45 - $24 - $13 - $3) x 8,000 = $40,000
266. Correct answer a. The demand curve would shift to the left (fewer bagels demanded) if the cost of muffins decreased making muffins more desirable.
267. Correct answer b. An increase in consumer income would increase demand and cause a shift to the right. An increase in price is movement along the curve to a higher price.
268. Correct answer c. If the demand for a product is elastic, a percentage change in price results in a larger percentage change in demand. If the product price is increased, the demand will decrease by a larger percentage resulting in a decrease in total revenue.
269. Correct answer a. Full costing does not simplify the identification of unit fixed costs with specific products. No matter what the costing method, fixed costs are generally arbitrarily allocated to products on a basis such as direct labor hours or machine hours.
270. Correct answer d. The market-clearing (equilibrium) price is the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The current market-clearing price is $50; if prices increase in the long-run, $70 is a reasonable equilibrium price.
271. Correct answer d. If the demand for a product is elastic, a percentage change in price results in a larger percentage change in demand. If the product price is increased by 1%, the demand will decrease by more than 1%.
272. Correct answer a. If the demand for a product is elastic, a percentage change in price results in a larger percentage change in demand. If the product price is decreased, the demand will increase by a larger percentage resulting in an increase in total revenue.
273. Correct answer c. Leader’s markup percentage would be 133.3% as shown below.
Per unit return on investment = ($20,000,000 x .2) ÷ 10,000
= $400
Markup percentage = $400 ÷ $300
= 133.3%
274. Correct answer d. Cost-based pricing is particularly suited to suppliers who provide unique services and products. Therefore, the best situation presented is the make-to-order, state-of-the-art application.
275. Correct answer d. Bcc should bid $1,026.30 per unit as shown below.
Direct material $ 500.00
Direct labor 340.00 ($20 x 17)
Variable overhead 34.00 ($2 x 17)
Fixed overhead 51.00 ($3 x 17)
Administrative cost 8.00
Subtotal $ 933.00
10% return 93.30
Total $1,026.30
276. Correct answer a. Cost-based pricing is particularly suited to suppliers who provide unique products and services.
277. Correct answer c. Market-based costing is particularly suited to companies operating in a competitive environment. Therefore, option c is not characteristic.
278. Correct answer a. Almelo’s mark-up level is 12.5% as shown below.
Markup: $9 - $6 cost - $2 Fixed overhead = $1
Markup %: $1 ÷ $8 = 12.5%
279. Correct answer d. Fennell’s target price is $268 as shown below.
15% after-tax ROI = [($3,000,000 + $1,000,000) x .15]
= $600,000
Per unit ROI = $600,000 ÷ 25,000
= $24
Target price = $200 + ($700,000 ÷ 25,000) + [$24 x (1 - .4)]
= $200 + $28 + $40
= $268
280. Correct answer c. A monopolist seeking to maximize total profit will produce up to the output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. To sell beyond this point, the price would need to be lowered and marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue.
281. Correct answer c. Economic profit is revenue minus both explicit and implicit costs, e.g., opportunity costs. Therefore, in purely competitive markets, economic profits are not likely to be positive.
282. Correct answer a. The situation that occurs annually with an exposure of $2,250 ($15,000 x .15) represents the highest loss exposure. The exposure of the other situations are $1,875 ($75,000 x .2 ÷ 8), $2,000 ($200,000 x .2 ÷ 20) and $2,000 ($400,000 x .5 ÷ 100).
D. Investment Decisions
283. Correct answer d. Capital investments generally provide benefits into the future and, therefore, the expenditure is allocated over a period of time (depreciation). Refinancing existing working capital agreements supports current operations and is not generally treated as capital investment project.
284. Correct answer a. The net present value of the equipment being replaced is least likely to impact the investment decision. This is a sunk cost and does not affect future decisions.
285. Correct answer d. The required rate of return is not a method for evaluating investment projects but is the minimum acceptable return on an investment (discount rate, hurdle rate).
286. Correct answer b. The interest payments on the debt to finance the equipment and the increased levels of accounts payable and inventory represent incremental changes that affect future cash flows and are, therefore, relevant.
287. Correct answer c. The controller should recommend option c as the present value of this option is the highest as shown below.
Option c: ($20,000 x 6.710) + $5,000 = $139,200
Option a: $135,000
Option b: $40,000 x 3.312 = $132,480
Option d: ($5,000 x 6.247) + ($200,000 x .463) + $5,000 = $128,835
288. Correct answer c. Calvin’s incremental cash flows in Year 5 are $26,000 as shown below.
Reduction in labor cost after tax: $30,000 x .6 = $18,000
Depreciation tax shield ($100,000 ÷ 5) x .4 = 8,000
$26,000
289. Correct answer b. Olson’s net cash flow for period 3 is $860,000 calculated as follows.
Cash inflow after tax: ($1,200,000 - $300,000) x .6 = $540,000
Tax shield Building: ($2,000,000 ÷ 10) x .4 = 80,000
Tax shield Equipment ($3,000,000 ÷ 5) x .4 = 240,000
$860,000
290. Correct answer d. The annual cash flow is $270,000 as shown below.
From operations: $650,000 - $270,000 - $50,000 - $40,000 - $8,000 = $242,000
Depreciation tax shield: $70,000 x .4 = 28,000
$270,000
291. Correct answer c. Kell’s 5th year cash flow is $1,120,000 as shown below.
Revenue $8,000,000 (100,000 x $80)
Direct costs -6,500,000 (100,000 x $65)
Indirect costs - 500,000
Return of working capital + 400,000
Salvage value + 300,000
Equipment removal - 100,000
Cash flow $1,600,000
Cash flow after tax (x .6) $ 960,000
Tax shield [($1,500,000 - $300,000) ÷ 3] x .4 160,000
$1,120,000
292. Correct answer d. Kell’s initial investment is $1,900,000 as shown below.
Equipment $1,200,000
Installation 300,000
Working capital 400,000
Initial investment $1,900,000
293. Correct answer d. Colvern’s cash flow is $22,800 as shown below.
After-tax cash savings: $28,400 x .6 = $17,040
Depreciation tax shield: $16,000 x .4 = 6,400
Loss of depreciation tax shield: $1,600 x .4 = 640
$22,800
294. Correct answer c. The first year cash flow for Skytop’s project is $67,000 as shown below.
Incremental cash inflows $75,000 x .6 = $45,000
Depreciation tax shield ($275,000 x .2) x .4 = 22,000
$67,000
295. Correct answer d. Year 0 cash outflows for Skytop total $202,000 as shown below.
Sale of old equipment $ 80,000 New equipment and installation -275,000
Additional A/R and inventory - 30,000
Additional accounts payable + 15,000
Tax shield/loss on old equipment + 8,000 ($100K - $80K) x .4
Cash outflow $202,000
296. Correct answer c. The overall impact of Mintz’s working capital investment is a net outflow of $17,040 as shown below.
Working capital outflow at Time 0 $40,000
Working capital inflow at Time 5 22,680 ($40,000 x .567)
Net outflow $17,040
297. Correct answer b. A discounted cash flow analysis should not include sunk costs as they will not change and are not relevant. Changes in working capital and inflation affect future costs and should be included.
298. Correct answer b. AGC’s initial investment is $92,800 as shown below.
Sale of old equipment $ 3,000
New equipment -95,000
Increase in accounts receivable - 2,000
Increase in accounts payable + 400
Tax shield/Loss on sale + 800 ($50,000 - $45,000 - $3,000) x .4
Cash outflow $92,800
299. Correct answer c. Calvin’s initial cash outflow is $79,000 as shown below.
Sale of old equipment $ 25,000
Purchase new equipment -100,000
Tax on gain from sale - 4,000 ($25,000 - $15,000*) x .4
Cash outflow $ 79,000
*Accumulated depreciation ($50,000 ÷ 10) x 7 = $35,000
Book value $50,000 - $35,000 = $15,000
300. Correct answer d.
Revenue $ 1,200,000
Cash exp. -300,000
Depreciation - 800,000
Pretax Income $ 100,000
Tax at 40% -40,000
Add back depreciation 800,000
860,000
Sell land 800,000
Tax on gain /land -120,000
Sell building 500,000
Tax on loss/building 200,000
Sell equipment 250,000
Tax on on gain /equipment -100,000
2,390,000
301. Correct answer d. All of these items should be included in the initial investment as they all impact the cash flow of the project.
302. Correct answer b. Calvin’s first year cash flow is $24,000 as shown below.
After-tax cash savings $30,000 x .6 $18,000
Tax shield/new equipment ($100,000 ÷ 5) x .4 8,000
Loss of old tax shield ($50,000 ÷ 10) x .4 2,000
Cash outflow $24,000
303. Correct answer a. Using the real rate of 8%, the revenues are $432,000. Using the nominal rate approach (8% + 3%) + (.03 x .08), the revenues are $444,960.
304. Correct answer d. Kell’s 3rd year cash flows are $800,000 as shown below.
After tax cash inflows ($8,000,000 - $6,500,000 - $500,000) x .6 $600,000
Depreciation tax shield ($1,500,000 ÷ 3) x .4 200,000
Cash inflow $800,000
305. Correct answer a. Both the operating costs and the required rate of return should be adjusted for inflation as inflation will as inflation will affect both in the future.
306. Correct answer c. Regis would include the operating cash inflows plus the tax shield provided by the depreciation expense. The depreciation expense does not represent a cash transaction and, therefore, is not included.
307. Correct answer c. Atlantic would include the present value of the depreciation tax shield totaling $34,840 as shown below.
Annual tax shield $20,000 x .4 $8,000
Present value @10% $8,000 x 4.355 $34,840
308. Correct answer c. Webster’s net cash flow for Year 3 totals $1,058,750 as shown below.
Unit price: $80 x .95 = $76 x .95 = $72.20
Labor cost: $20 x 1.05 = $21 x 1.05 = $22.05
Material cost: $30 x 1.1 = $33 x 1.1 = $36.30
Cash inflow: [125,000 x ($72.20 - $22.05 - $36.30) - $300,000] x .6 $ 858,750
Depreciation tax shield: ($2,000,000 ÷ 4) x .4 200,000
Net cash flow for Year 3 $1,058,750
309. Correct answer c. Skytop’s after-tax cash flow for Year 5 is $78,950 as shown below.
Cash inflow after tax $75,000 x .6 $45,000
Depreciation tax shield ($275,000 x .145) x .4 15,950
Sale of equipment 30,000
Less tax on $30,000 gain @ 40% 12,000
Net cash flow $78,950
310. Correct answer a. $1,000,000 x .32 = $320,000 x .4 = $128,000
311. Correct answer b. The net present value method calculates the expected monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
312. Correct answer b. The net present value of Kunkle’s project will increase approximately $219,000 as shown below.
Present value of current cash flow = 10,000 x ($100 - $70) x .6
= $180,000 x 5.216
= $938,880
Present value of reduced cash flow = 10,000 x ($100 - $63) x .6
= $222,000 x 5.216
= $1,157,952
Increase in net present value = $1,157,952 - $938,880
= $219,072
313. Correct answer c. Allstar’s initial investment is $26,160 as shown below.
Present value of cash inflows $9,000 x 3.24 = $29,160
Initial investment $29,160 - $3,000 = $26,160
314. Correct answer a. Smithco’s project has a net present value of $(1,780) as shown below.
Year 0 $(550,000)
Year 1 $(500,000) x .877 (438,500)
Year 2 $450,000 x .769 346,050
Year 3 $350,000 x .675 236,250
Year 4 $350,000 x .592 207,200
Year 5 $380,000* x .519 197,220
Net present value $ (1,780)
*Includes $30,000 from sale of old equipment
$50,000 – ($50,000 x .4) = $30,000
315. Correct answer a. An investment decision is acceptable if the net present value is equal to or greater than zero because the return from the decision is equal to or exceeds the cost of capital.
316. Correct answer c. If Verla outsources the work, the net present value of the cash outflows is $454,920 [($200,000 x .6) x 3.791 = $454,920].
317. Correct answer b. The net present value of Long’s project is $283,380 as shown below.
Expected annual sales: (80,000 x .1) + (85,000 x .2) + (90,000 x .3) + (95,000 x .2) +
(100,000 x .1) + (110,000 x .1) = 92,000
Annual after-tax cash flow: (92,000 x $5) x .6 = $276,000
Annual depreciation tax shield: ($1,000,000 ÷ 5) x .4 = $80,000
Net present value: = [($276,000 + $80,000) x 3.605] - $1,000,000
= $1,283,380 - $1,000,000
= $283,380
318. Correct answer c. The revised net present value for the tax shield is $283,000 as shown below.
Year 1: [($1,000,000 x .3333) x .4] x .833 $111,056
Year 2: [($1,000,000 x .4445) x .4] x .694 123,379
Year 3: [($1,000,000 x .1481) x .4] x .579 34,300
Year 4: [($1,000,000 x .0741) x .4] x .482 14,286
Net present value (to nearest thousand) $283,000
319. Correct answer a. The ranking of the scenarios from least effect on the net present value to the greatest effect is R, S, and T as shown below.
R: [($800,000 x .9) x 3.605] - $2,500,000 $95,000
S: ($800,000 x 3.127) - $2,500,000 $1,600
T: ($800,000 x 3.037) - $2,500,000 $(70,400)
320. Correct answer d. Ironside should accept both projects as Project R (less risk – more stable sales) at 12% has a positive net present value while Project S has a positive net present value at both hurdle rates.
Project R @12% = [($75,000 x .1) + ($95,000 x .8) + ($115,000 x .1)] x 5.650
= $536,750 - $500,000
= $36,750
Project S @16% = [($70,000 x .25) + ($110,000 x .5) + ($150,000 x .25) x 4.833
= $531,630 - $500,000
= $31,630
321. Correct answer d. Logan should continue to operate as the company would suffer a greater loss by shutting down.
Net present value of cash flow = [$150,000 c ($100 - $75)] - $4,000,000
= ($250,000) x 3.605
= ($901,250)
Cost of shutting down = $750,000 - $1,500,000 - $500,000
= ($1,250,000)
322. Correct answer b. The net present value of Foster’s project is $924 as shown below.
Discounted cash flow = ($6,000 x .893) + ($6,000 x .797) + ($8,000 x .712) + ($8,000 x .636)
= $20,924
Less investment 20,000
$ 924
323. Correct answer d. The net present value of Lunar’s project is $16,600 as shown below.
After-tax cash flow (x .6) $30,000 $30,000 $240,000 $240,000 $240,000
Tax shield ($500,000 ÷ 5) x .4 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000
$70,000 $70,000 $280,000 $280,000 $280,000
Net present value = ($70,000 x 1.528) + [$280,000 x (2.991 – 1.528)] - $500,000
= $106,960 + $409,640 - $500,000
= $16,600 ≈ $16,530
324. Correct answer c. Using a 14% hurdle rate, Parker’s project will not have a positive net present value until the annual cash flows are $60,000 or higher ($60,000 x 3.433 = $205,980 - $200,000 = $5,980). As shown, the probability of the cash flows reaching $60,000 or higher is 40%.
325. Correct answer a. Since the projects are mutually exclusive, Staten should accept Project X (higher net present value) and reject Project Y.
Net present value Project X = ($47,000 x 3.791) - $150,000
= $28,177
Net present value Project Y = ($280,000 x .621) - $150,000
= $23,880
326. Correct answer d. The net present value of Verla acquiring the new equipment is $434,424 net cash outflow as shown below.
Labor savings ($100,000 x .6) x 3.791 $227,460
Tax shield [($1,000,000-$50,000) ÷ 5] x .4 x 3.791 288,116
Cash inflow $515,576
Cash outflow ($1,000,000 - $50,000) 950,000
Net cash outflow $434,424
327. Correct answer d. Since Stennet’s cost of capital is 10% and Project A has a higher net present value at a discount rate of 10%, Mack should recommend Project A. Since the projects are mutually exclusive, only one can be accepted.
328. Correct answer a. Delaying the cash outflow for a major overhaul from Year 4 to Year 5 will decrease its present value and result in an increase in the net present value of the project. All of the other options would result in a decrease the net present value.
329. Correct answer c. The internal rate of return method is easier to understand (interpret) than the net present value method. All of the other options are disadvantages of the internal rate of return method.
330. Correct answer d. Since the company has already evaluated the cash flows (net present value) of the project using a hurdle rate of 14%, the next logical step would be to compare the internal rate of return to the hurdle and the cost of capital.
331. Correct answer c. Hobart would accept the project under both the internal rate of return of 20% which exceeds the hurdle rate of 15% and the payback period of 2.7 years ($200,000 ÷ $74,000) which is less than the company’s 3-year benchmark.
332. Correct answer c. BGN Industries should select Option Z as it has the highest net present value ($2,825,000 - $2,000,000) and the internal rate of return is greater than the hurdle rate.
333. Correct answer b. The internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the present value of future net cash flows from an investment project with project’s initial cash outflow.
334. Correct answer c. The approximate internal rates of return are 19.5% and 25.5% as shown.
Project A: 77 + 26 = 103; 77 ÷ 103 = .75%; .75% x 2 = 1.5%; 18% + 1.5% = 19.5%
Project B: 30 + 11 = 41; 30 ÷ 41 - .73%: .73% x 2 = 1.5%; 24% + 1.5% = 25.5%
335. Correct answer c. The internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the present value of future net cash flows from an investment project with project’s initial cash outflow.
336. Correct answer c. Options a, b, and d are correct as shown below.
NPV Project A: $100,000 – ($40,000 x .909) + ($50,000 x .826) + ($60,000 x .751) = $22,720
NPV Project B: $150,000 – ($80,000 x .893) + ($70,000 x .797) + ($40,000 x .712) = $19,950
Payback Project A: $100,000 - $40,000 - $50,000 = $10,000 ÷ $65,000 - .167
.167 years + 2 years ≈ 2.2 years
Payback Project B: $150,000 - $80,000 - $70,000 = 0
Payback = 2 years
337. Correct answer c. The approximate internal rate of return is 9%. A net present value of zero is approximately half way between $460 and ($440) and 9% is half way between 8% and 10%.
338. Correct answer c. An internal rate of return equates Foster’s cash flows to the initial investment as shown below.
($6,000 x .877) + ($6,000 x .769) + ($8,000 x .675) + ($8,000 x .592) = $20,012
Initial cash outflow of $20,000 ≈ $20,012
339. Correct answer d. Both the internal rate of return method and the net present value method utilize discounted flow techniques taking into consideration the time value of money. Payback and average rate of return do not consider the time value of money.
340. Correct answer d. Statements III and IV are correct. Since the company has no capital rationing, all projects with positive net present values will enhance the value of Molar. Projects with negative internal rates of return will cost more than they will return to the company and should be rejected.
341. Correct answer a. Since the net present value of the project is negative using a discount rate of 14%, it can be concluded that the internal rate of return is something less than 14%.
342. Correct answer c. Since the projects are mutually exclusive, Foggy Products can select only one, and the one selected should have the highest net present value. If both projects exceed the company’s benchmark for payback period, they should both be rejected.
343. Correct answer a. The payback period does provide some insight into the risk of a project – the longer the payback period, the riskier the project. The other options are either incorrect or disadvantages of the payback method.
344. Correct answer c. Because the payback method calculates the time to return the project’s initial investment, it does evaluate the project’s liquidity. The other options are all drawbacks of the payback method.
345. Correct answer d. Quant’s payback period is 3.7 years as shown below.
After-tax cash flow Investment less cash flow
Year 1 $60,000 x .6 = $36,000 $104,000
Year 2 $60,000 x .6 = $36,000 68,000
Year 3 $60,000 x .6 = $36,000 32,000
Year 4 $80,000 x .6 = $48,000 $32,000 ÷ $48,000 = .667
Payback period = 3.7 years
346. Correct answer c. The payback period for Foster’s project is 3.0 years ($20,000 - $6,000 - $6,000 - $8,000 = 0).
347. Correct answer d. Smithco’s payback period is 4.0 years ($550,000 + $500,000 - $450,000 - $350,000 - $250,000 = 0).
348. Correct answer c. The profitability index is the ratio of the present value of a project’s future
cash flows to the project’s initial cash outflow. A profitability index greater than 1.00 implies
that the project’s present value is greater than its initial cash outflow which, in turn, implies
that the net present value is greater than zero.
349. Correct answer c. A profitability index greater than 1.00 implies that the project’s present
value is greater than its initial cash outflow which, in turn, implies that the net present value is
greater than zero.
350. Correct answer b. Carbide should select projects III and IV as they have the highest
profitability indexes which imply the highest net present values. Project II is also positive but
the company does not have sufficient funds to include this project.
351. Correct answer a. Staying within the investment constraint of $100,000, Lewis should select
projects R, S, U, and W; this selection results in a combines net present value of $28,000, the
highest among the possible combinations.
352. Correct answer d. Staying within the investment constraint of $5,000,000, Zinx should select
projects I, IV, and V which result in a combined net present value of $928,000, the highest
among the possible combinations. This combination also includes the projects with the highest
profitability indexes: V at 1.25 and I at 1.2.
353. Correct answer b. Since the projects are mutually exclusive, only one can be selected. Project
B has the highest net present value which exceeds the company benchmark of $20,000. Project
C’s net present value is below the benchmark.
354. Correct answer c. Earnings per share would increase $.13 per share as shown below.
Sales $20,000,000 $22,000,000 (increase 10%)
Contribution (30%) 6,000,000 6,600,000
Less administrative 300,000 300,000
Less commission (10%) 2,000,000 2,200,000
Operating profit 3,600,000 4,000,000
Interest expense 400,000 400,000
Profit before tax 3,200,000 3,600,000
Tax @35% 1,120,000 1,260,000
Net income $ 2,080,000 $ 2,340,000
Earnings per share $1.04 $1.17 (NI ÷ 2,000,000)
355. Correct answer c. Monte Carlo simulation is a quantitative technique that accounts for risk in
decision making by generating a range of outcomes and associated probabilities.
356. Correct answer d. Start with the next available #; 25 multiples for demand of 4 and 10
multiples for demand of 5.
357. Correct answer c. The purpose of the simulation is not to generate an optimal solution. Rather it allows the analyst to model the behavior of a system and generates a range of different outcomes.
358. Correct answer c. 45-74 = interval of 30
12 20
18 30 (18-12= 6 days / interval of 30)
15 25
9 15
6 10
60
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